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Chapter 16:
World War Looms
Section 1:
Dictators Threaten World
Peace
Standards
 11.7 Students analyze America's
participation in World War II.
 .1
Examine the origins of American involvement
in the war, with an emphasis on the events that
precipitated the attack on Pearl Harbor.
 .4
Analyze Roosevelt's foreign policy during
World War II (e.g., Four Freedoms speech).
Objectives
 Following lecture and reading of this section,
students will be able to:
1. Characterize
the government that took power
in Russia, Italy, Germany, and Japan after
World War I
2. Describe
America’s return to isolationism in
the 1930s
Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
 Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement
 Treaty
of Versailles caused anger & resentment
in Europe
 Germany
upset about:
 Being
blame for war (war guilt clause)
 Losing colonies & border territories
 Russia
upset about:
 Losing
lands that were used to create other nations
European Democracies Fail

Newly established democracies failed in post WWI
Europe

Social & economic problems
Social- no democratic tradition; the people did not understand
how to create effective change
 Economic- much of Europe especially Germany, and Russia
experienced depression following WWI


Dictators rose to power
 driven
by nationalism & a desire for more territory
 Joseph
Stalin (Soviet Union)
 Benito Mussolini (Italy)
 Adolf Hitler (Germany)
Stalin Transforms the Soviet Union
 1922;
Lenin established the Soviet Union
after civil war (Russian Revolution)
 1924
Joseph Stalin took over:
 Replaced
private farms with collectives
 Soviet Union became second largest industrial
power (U.S. was 1st)
 Famines
killed millions
 Purges
anyone who threatens his power; 8–13
million killed
 Establishes a totalitarian government
A
gov’t which exerts complete control over people
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
 Unemployment & inflation lead to bitter
strikes in Italy; some communist-led
 Middle,
 Benito
upper classes want stronger leadership
Mussolini
 Fascist
dictator that played on people’s fears of
economic collapse & communist revolution
 Fascism-
stresses nationalism & needs of the state
above individual
 Supported
 1922;
by government officials, police, army
appointed head of government & established
totalitarian state
Nazis Take Over Germany
 Adolf Hitler
 Leader
of National Socialist German Workers’
Party (NAZI)
 Mein Kampf “my stuggle”- (written in jail)
 Basic
beliefs of Nazism; extreme nationalism
 Goals:
 Unite
German-speaking people
 Enforce racial “purification”
Hitler Takes Control
 1932, 6 million unemployed
 Many
men joined Hitler’s private army
 Nazis
become strongest political party in
Germany
 Hitler
 Hitler
named chancellor
dismantles the government
 democratic
 Establishes
 1,000
Weimar Republic
Third Reich
year Reich
Militarists Gain Control in Japan
 1931; Japanese Nationalist military leaders
seize Manchuria, China
 League
of Nations condemns action
 Japan quits League
 The
Japanese Nationalist military leaders seize
control of the Japanese government
Aggression in Europe and Africa

 Hitler
then sends
troops into Rhineland
Germany

1933; Hitler quits League
of Nations

Following the Japanese
example


Hitler saw the League of
Nations do nothing to
Japan for its violations
1935; Hitler begins
military buildup of
Germany

Violation of the Treaty of
Versailles
 League
of Nation does
nothing to stop Hitler

Italy
 1935;
League fails to
stop Mussolini’s
invasion of Ethiopia
 Ethiopian
emperor,
“It is us today, it will
be you tomorrow.”
Civil War Breaks Out in Spain

1936; General Francisco Franco rebels against
the Spanish republic (established government)
 Spanish
Civil War begins
 Hitler
(Germany) & Mussolini (Italy) support Franco
 Stalin (USSR) aided Spanish Republic
 Western democracies (U.S., France, UK = neutral)

 SC
Abraham Lincoln Brigade- 3,000 U.S. go & fight!
War leads to Rome-Berlin Axis
 Alliance

between Italy and Germany
1939; Franco wins Spanish Civil War
 Franco
becomes fascist dictator of Spain
Americans Cling to Isolationism

Reports surface about profits of banks, arms
dealers during WW I
 Known
 U.S.
as the “merchants of death”
Public was outraged
 Anti-war
sentiment; big time isolationism
 FDR
forced to back off of open foreign policy
because of possible entanglements

1935; Neutrality Acts
 Outlawed
loaning money & selling weapons to nations
at war, or involved in civil war
 Idea
was to keep U.S. out of future wars
Neutrality Breaks Down
 1937; Japan launched a new attack on China
 FDR
sent U.S. aid to China
 Violation
 FDR
found a loop hole
 Japan
had not formally declared war on China
 No
 FDR
on Neutrality Acts?
need to enforce Neutrality Acts
was against isolationism
 FDR
wanted to isolate the aggressor nations and
confront them early to stop the spread of war
 FDR
was criticized by isolationist newspapers
 Accused
of leading the nation into war.