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Chapter 23
Living in a World at War
1939-1945
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Preparedness and Isolation,
1939 –1941
• When Germany attacked Poland in
September 1939, Britain and then France
declared war on Germany. Europe was at
war.
• Neither Japan nor the United States
intervened.
• Britain and France waited for an attack
they knew would come.
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The Battle of Britain
• By the summer of 1940, Hitler was the
master of Europe.
• Only Great Britain stood against Germany
• 338,000 Allied troops evacuated from the
beaches of Dunkirk
• Germans launched “The Blitz”
• Hitler fails to capture Britain
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Moving Toward Lend-Lease
Legislation
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America First Committee
“Destroyers-for-Bases” deal
“Arsenal of Democracy”
Lend-Lease legislation - “loan” war
materials to the British for the duration of
the war
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Nazi Europe, 1941
MAP 23-1, Nazi Europe, 1941
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Growing Tensions with Japan
• Meanwhile, Japan’s expansion in East
Asia causes the U.S. to shut off oil
shipments.
• Dec. 7, 1941 - Japanese planes attack the
U.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
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Mass Mobilization in a Society at
War
• The attack of December 7, 1941, changed
everything.
• All Americans had their lives changed by
the war.
• The war provided a job for everyone, and
wartime jobs vastly expanded the size of
the nation’s middle class.
• Ended the Great Depression
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Early Battles, Early Losses, 1941–
1942
• Within hours of December 7, Japan also
attacked U.S. bases in the Philippine
Islands, the Aleutian Islands off Alaska, as
well as Guam and Wake Islands in the
mid-Pacific.
• Japan controlled the whole of the western
Pacific.
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Men in the Military — Volunteers and
Draftees
• Selective Service System
• Sixteen million men had registered for the
draft when the war began, more soon
after, and others volunteered in
anticipation of an expanding draft.
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Japanese Power in the Pacific
MAP 23-2, Japanese Power in the Pacific
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Deferments, Alternative Service, and
War Work
• Congress allowed young men to complete
college
• Other Americans found themselves in new
jobs they had never before imagined.
• 43,000 conscientious objectors were
“opposed to participation in war in any
form.”
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Women in Military Service
• The U.S. Army established the Women’s
Auxiliary Army Corps, or WACs
• U.S. Navy created the Women Accepted
for Voluntary Emergency Service, or
WAVES
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Rosie the Riveter and Her Friends
• In the course of the war, more than 6
million more women entered the workforce
• Some 2 million women went to work in
previously all-male defense plants where
they sometimes made up half of the
workforce.
• On the West Coast, 500,000 women
worked in the aircraft industry and 225,000
in shipbuilding.
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Marginalization in a Democracy —
The March on Washington and the
War at Home
• A. Philip Randolph proposed a massive
march on Washington to advocate for
blacks’ economic rights.
• FDR signed the Fair Employment
Practices Committee, protecting AfricanAmerican’s economic rights.
• The march was called off.
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Japanese Internment
• 120,000 native-born Americans of
Japanese descent sent to relocation
camps in the West.
• Some German Americans and Italian
Americans, too
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Internment Camps
MAP 23-3, Internment Camps
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Industrial Strength, Industrial
Prosperity
• FDR said the United States needed to
provide “crushing superiority of equipment
in any theater of the world war.”
• Roosevelt insisted that the United States
produce:
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–
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60,000 airplanes in 1942 and 185,000 in 1943
120,000 tanks
55,000 anti-aircraft guns
16 million tons of merchant shipping
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Wartime Production
• The war ended the Great Depression
• Factories to be run 24/7
• End of the war – $320 billion pumped into
the economy
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Wartime Prosperity
• Wartime rationing limited some goods.
• People needed ration stamps to
purchase their monthly allotment of
meat, coffee, tires, and gasoline, and
new cars were simply not available.
• Housing was scarce, too.
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The War in Europe, 1943–1945
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Germany first
“Operation Overlord”
June 6, 1944
Opening a second front
March to Berlin
The Holocaust
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The War in Europe
MAP 23-4, The War in Europe
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Roosevelt’s Death, Truman’s
Leadership
• April 12, 1945 - FDR dies, Harry S.
Truman becomes president
• April 30, 1945 - Hitler commits suicide
• May 8, 1945 - Germany surrenders, VE
Day
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The War in the Pacific, 1943–1945
• The U.S. employed a strategy of “island
hopping.”
• The war in the Pacific was brutal.
• Iwo Jima
• Okinawa
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The War in the Pacific
MAP 23-5, The War in the Pacific
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The Atomic Era Begins
• Manhattan Project
• Aug. 6, 1945 - the Enola Gay drops “Little
Boy” on Hiroshima
• 100,000 die instantly
• Aug. 9 - “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki
• 60,000 die instantly
• Aug. 14 - Japan surrenders, VJ Day
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