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Chapter 34
Total War, Totalitarianism,
and the Arts
•WWI—The Great War
•The Triple Alliance
→The Central Powers
→Germany, AustriaHungary,the Ottoman
Empire
•The Triple Entente
→ the Allied Powers
→Britain, France,
Russia, Serbia
Trigger
• On June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand,
heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire was
assassinated while making a state visit to
Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.
Causes of WWI
• Militarism: armament race
• Nationalism: rival armed
camps
• Balkan Wars: Pan-Slavism
War as Celebration
• Romanticism:
war as chivalrous adventure,
a quest for the heroic
• Nationalism:
patriotic sentiments
fraternity
Trench Warfare
• The Western Front: four
hundred miles from the
northern border of Switzerland
to the English Channel.
The Home Front
• New opportunities for
women.
Women in England, France,
and Germany replaced men
in all branches of civilian
life.
Influences
• 1. Disillusionment:
--loss of faith in the Enlightenment tradition
--loss of faith in liberal-democratic values
(which contributed to Fascist ideologies)
• 2. The Lost Generation: 9 million killed
• 3. A fascination with violence:
Some veterans clung to an aggressive
militarism and favored extremist political
movements (Hitler and Mussolini)
After WWI:
Era of Totalitarianism
• Communist Russia
• Fascist Italy
• Nazi Germany
• The Great Depression
1929 - 1933
•WWII
Causes
• 1. 1919-1920
the Versailles treaty
• 2. the failure to create lasting, binding
standards for peace and security
(the League of Nations)
3. Economic conditions
4. Nationalism
1930s
• 3 tests for the League of Nations
– China: Japanese invasion,
the “Rape of Nanjing” (1937)
– Ethiopia: Mussolini’s invasion
(1935)
– Spain: Civil War (1936-39), fascist
Franco vs. divided Republicans
1939
• Germany asked the Polish
Corridor to be abolished.
When Poland decided not to
give in, Hitler attacked.
WWII began.
•The Holocaust
-WWII=a racial war
-4.1-5.7 million
Jewish people died
1945
• August 6 and 9
Atomic bombs dropped on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• August 14
Japan surrendered.
• 1945
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United Nations founded
Eastern Europe occupied by Red Army
1947 Cold War started
1950 Korean War
1961 Berlin Wall built
1962 Cuban missile crisis
1963-73 Vietnam War
1989 Year of liberation in Eastern Europe
1990 Germany reunified;
Cold War ended
•Artists
Leger, The Card Game, 1917
Leger, Three Women, 1921
Leger, The Mechanic, 1920
Leger,
The Builders,
1950
Rivera, Liberation of the Peon, 1931
Picasso, Guernica, 1937
•The End