Download AP US Ch 25 Slides

OUT OF MANY
A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
Chapter 25
World War II
1941-1945
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Part One:
Introduction
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Chapter Focus Questions
• How did World War II force the United States to adopt a more global
outlook?
• How did the government marshal the nation’s resources to fight the
war? What impact did this mobilization have on the federal
bureaucracy and its relationship to business?
• What major changes occurred in American society as a consequence
of wartime mobilization?
• What was the Allies’ strategy for fighting the war in Europe?
• What role did science and technology play in the Allied victory?
• What strategy did the United States adopt in fighting Japan in the
Pacific?
• How did the American government and military leaders respond to the
Holocaust, and what knowledge did the American people have of the
Nazi genocide?
• What factors were behind the decision to deploy the atomic bomb
against Japan?
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Part Two:
American Communities: Los
Alamos, New Mexico
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American Communities: Los Alamos,
New Mexico
• The Manhattan Project created a community of scientists
whose mission was to build the atomic bomb.
• The scientists and their families lived in the remote,
isolated community of Los Alamos.
• They formed a close-knit community, united by
antagonism toward the Army and secrecy from the
outside world.
• Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientists developed a
strong sense of camaraderie as they struggled to develop
the atomic bomb.
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Part Three:
The Coming of
World War II
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The Shadows of War Across the Globe
• Militaristic authoritarian regimes that had
emerged in Japan, Italy, and Germany
threatened peace throughout the world.
• Japan took over Manchuria and then invaded
China.
• Italy made Ethiopia a colony.
• German aggression against Czechoslovakia
threatened to force Britain and France into
the war.
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Isolationism
• By the mid-1930s many Americans had concluded that
entry into WWI and an active foreign role for the United
States had been a serious mistake.
• College students protested against the war.
• Congress passed the Neutrality Acts to limit the sale of
munitions to warring countries.
• Prominent Americans urged a policy of “America First”
to promote non-intervention. FDR promoted military
preparedness, despite little national support.
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Roosevelt Readies for War
• The combined German-Soviet invasion of Poland plunged
Europe into war.
• German blitzkrieg techniques quickly led to takeovers of
Denmark, Norway, and later Belgium and France.
• As the Nazi air force pounded Britain, FDR pushed for
increased military expenditures.
• FDR met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and
drafted the Atlantic Charter—a statement of war aims.
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Pearl Harbor
• The Japanese threatened to seize Europe’s
Asian colonies.
• FDR cut off trade with Japan.
• Japan attacked the base in Pearl Harbor.
• The United States declared war;
declarations against Germany and Italy
followed.
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On December 7, 1941, Japanese attack planes devastated the U.S. fleet
stationed at Pearl Harbor, on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. This photograph
shows the explosion of the USS Shaw, a drydocked destroyer, during the second
wave of Japanese attack. The “sneak” attack on Pearl Harbor became a symbol
of Japanese treachery and the
necessity
for U.S.Inc.revenge.
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Part Four:
The Great Arsenal of
Democracy
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Mobilizing for War
• Congress and FDR created laws and new
agencies to promote mobilization.
• The Office of War Information controlled
war news and promoted morale at home.
War bonds were used to promote support
as well as raise funds.
• As mobilization proceeded, New Deal
agencies vanished.
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On the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed
a joint session of Congress and asked for an immediate declaration of war against
Japan. The resolution passed with one dissenting vote, and the United States entered
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World War II.
Organizing the War Economy
• The industrial capacity of the United States was the
decisive factor in the war.
• Civilian firms were converted to war purposes and
American industries were primed for all-out
production.
• An unprecedented economic boom pulled the country
out of the depression.
• The largest firms, especially those in the West and
South, received large shares of wartime contracts.
• The war increased farm profits, but thousands of small
farms disappeared.
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New Workers
• The demand for labor brought Mexicans, Indians, African
Americans, and women into the industrial labor force.
• The entry of these new female workers broke down many
stereotypes.
• Workers’ wages went up, but not as fast as profits or
prices.
• Prior to American entry, militant unions had led a number
of strikes.
• Once the United States entered the war, the major unions
agreed to no-strike pledges.
• African-American union membership doubled.
• Some illegal strikes did break out, leading to federal
antistrike legislation.
• Table: Strikes and Lockouts in the United States, 1940-45
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Facing a shortage of workers and increased production demands, the War Manpower
Commission and the Office of War Information conducted a campaign to recruit
women into the labor force. Women were encouraged to “take a job for your
husband/son/brother” and to “keep the world safe for your children.” Higher wages
also enticed many women to take jobs in factories. In this photograph, women are
shown packaging powdered milk.
SOURCE: Getty Images Inc.-Hulton Archive Photos.
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Seeing History
Norman Rockwell’s
“Rosie, the Riveter”
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Part Five:
The Home Front
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Families in Wartime
• The war spurred marriage rates.
• Shortages of housing and retail goods added to the
difficulties families encountered.
• With one-parent households increasing, child-care
issues arose. Some day-care assistance was available,
though it scarcely met people’s needs.
• The rise in unsupervised youths created problems with
juvenile crime. The availability of jobs led to higher high
school dropout rates.
• Public health improved greatly during the war.
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Students at Officers’ Training School at Northwestern University, who were not
allowed to marry until they were commissioned as ensigns, apply for marriage
licenses in Chicago, August 20, 1943, shortly before graduation. These young
couples helped the marriage©rate
skyrocket
during
World War II.
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The Internment of Japanese Americans
• In 1942, more than 112,000 Japanese were
removed from their homes in the West to
relocation centers, often enduring harsh
living conditions.
• The Supreme Court upheld the policy,
though in 1988 the U.S. Congress voted for
reparations and public apologies.
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More than
110,000 Japanese
Americans were
interned during
World War II,
some for up to
four years. This
photograph, taken
by Dorothea
Lange (1895–
1965), the famed
photographer of
depression-era
migrant families,
shows young boys
waiting in the
baggageinspection line at
the Assembly
Center in Turlock,
California.
SOURCE: National Archives.
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“Double V”: Victory at Home & Abroad
• African-American activists launched a “Double V”
campaign calling for victory overseas and equal rights
at home.
• FDR responded to a threatened march on Washington
by banning racial discrimination in defense industries.
• New civil rights organizations emerged while older
ones grew.
• More than 1 million blacks left the South to take jobs
in war industries.
• They often encountered violent resistance from local
whites.
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This painting is by Horace
Pippin, a self-taught African
American artist who began
painting as therapy for an
injury suffered while serving
with the U.S. Army’s 369th
Colored Infantry Regiment
during World War I. It is one of
a series drawn during World
War II illustrating the
contradiction between the
principles of liberty and justice,
for which Americans were
fighting abroad, and the reality
of race prejudice at home.
SOURCE: Horace Pippin (1888 –1946), “Mr.
Prejudice,” 1943. Oil on canvas, 18 x 14 inches.
Philadelphia Museum of Art, Gift of Dr. and Mrs.
Matthew T. Moore. Photo by Graydon Wood. 1984 –
108 –1.
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Zoot-Suit Riots
• Whites’ bitter resentment against Mexican
Americans exploded in 1943.
• The zoot-suit riots erupted when whites
concluded that Mexican youths who wore
the flamboyant clothes were unpatriotic.
• Most Mexican Americans served in the
military or worked in war industries.
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Popular Culture and the “Good War”
• Popular culture seemed to bridge the racial
divisions.
• Southerners moving to northern cities brought
musical styles and changed the sound of popular
culture.
• Popular entertainment, whether in film or comic
books, emphasized the wartime spirit, as did
fashion.
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Part Six:
Men and Women in
Uniform
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Creating the Armed Forces
• Even before formally entering the war, the
government had begun a draft.
• The officer corps, except for General
Eisenhower, tended to be professional,
conservative, and autocratic.
• Junior officers were trained in special
military schools and developed close ties
with their troops.
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Women Enter the Military
• For the first time, the War Department
created women’s divisions of the major
services.
• Most women stayed in the country and
performed clerical or health-related duties.
Some flew planes and others went into
combat with the troops.
• The military closely monitored sexual
activity.
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New recruits to the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) pick up their clothing “issue”
(allotment). These volunteers served in many capacities, from nursing men in combat
to performing clerical and communication duties “stateside” (within the United States).
Approximately 140,000 women
served
the WACS
during World War II.
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Old Practices and New Horizons
• Despite suspicions of the military’s racism,
1 million African Americans served in the
armed forces.
• These soldiers encountered segregation at
every point.
• Many racial or ethnic minorities (along
with homosexuals) also served and often
found their experience made them feel
more included in American society.
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The Marines recruited more than 400 Navajos to serve as code talkers by
communicating in their own language. Deployed mainly to the Pacific Theater, they
used radio and telegraph to transmit quickly vital information about battlefield
activities, including troop movements. This photograph, taken in December 1943,
show Corporal Henry Bake, Jr., and Private First Class George H. Kirk operating a
portable radio unit in a jungle clearing near the front lines.
SOURCE: National Archives.
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The Medical Corps
• The risk of injury was much higher than that
of getting killed in battle.
• Battle fatigue also was a problem.
• The Army depended on a variety of medical
personnel to care for sick and wounded
soldiers.
• The true heroes of the battlefront were the
medics attached to each infantry battalion.
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Part Seven:
The World at War
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Soviets Halt Nazi Drive
• Map: The War in Europe
• During the first year of American involvement, FDR
called the war news “all bad.” The burden of
fighting the Nazis fell to the Soviets who blocked
the German advance on Moscow.
• The Soviets broke the siege of Stalingrad in
February 1943 and began to push the Germans
back.
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MAP 25.1 The
War in Europe
The Allies
remained on the
defensive during
the first years of
the war, but by
1943 the British
and Americans,
with an almost
endless supply
of resources,
had turned the
tide.
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The Allied Offensive
• Although the Soviets appealed for the Allies to open up a
“second front” in western Europe, they instead attacked
North Africa and Italy.
• Churchill and FDR met in Casablanca and agreed to seek
an unconditional German surrender.
• American and British planes poured bombs on German
cities that:
– weakened the economy
– undermined civilian morale
– crippled the German air force
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As part of the air war on Germany, Allied bombers launched a devastating attack on
Dresden, a major economic center, in February 1945. Of the civilians who died, most
from burns or smoke inhalation during the firestorm, a large number were women and
children, refugees from the Eastern Front. The city was left in ruins.
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The Allied Invasion of Europe
• The Allied invasion forced Italy out of the war,
though German troops stalled Allied advances.
• Uprisings against Nazi rule tied up German
power.
• By early 1944, Allied units were preparing for
the D-Day assault on France.
• Paris was taken on August 25, 1944. France
and other occupied countries fell as Allied
units overran the Germans.
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D-Day landing, June 6, 1944, marked the greatest amphibious maneuver in military
history. Troop ships ferried Allied soldiers from England to Normandy beaches. Within a
month, nearly 1 million men had assembled in France, ready to retake western and
central Europe from German forces.
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The High Cost of European Victory
• The Battle of the Bulge temporarily
halted the Allied advance.
• After Christmas Day 1944, the Germans
retreated back into their own territory.
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The War in Asia and the Pacific
• Map: War in the Pacific
• In the Pacific theater Allied forces stopped
Japanese advances by June 1942.
• Naval battles and island hopping brought U.S.
forces closer to the Japanese home islands.
• Victories in the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa
enabled the Allies to bomb Japanese cities.
• Britain and the United States pressed for rapid
surrender to prevent the Soviets from taking any
Japanese-held territories.
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MAP 25.2 War in the Pacific Across an ocean battlefield utterly unlike the European
Theater, Allies battled Japanese
troops near their homeland.
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Part Eight:
The Last Stages of
the War
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The Holocaust
• The horror of the Nazi’s systematic
extermination of Jews, Gypsies,
homosexuals, and other “inferior” races
was slow to enter American consciousness.
• Although Jewish refugees pleaded for a
military strike to stop the killings, the War
Department vetoed any such plans.
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Belsen Camp: The Compound for Women, painted by American artist Leslie Cole,
depicts Belsen as the Allied troops found it when they invaded Germany in 1945.
SOURCE: Leslie Cole, “Belsen Camp. The Compound for Women .” Imperial War Museum, London.
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The Yalta Conference
• Churchill, Stalin and FDR attempted to hammer out
the shape of the postwar world.
• The ideals of the Atlantic Charter fell before Soviet
and British demands for spheres of influence.
• FDR continued to hold on to his idealism, but his
death in April cast a shadow over hopes for
peaceful solutions to global problems.
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The Atomic Bomb
• The new president, Harry S. Truman, lacked FDR’s finesse
and planned a get-tough policy with the Soviet Union.
• At Potsdam, little progress was made on planning the future.
• Truman decided to use nuclear weapons against the
Japanese.
• Truman was aware that the war could have been brought to a
peaceful conclusion with only a slight modification in policy.
• Truman claimed the use of the bomb would substantially
shorten the war and save American lives.
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Part Nine:
Conclusion
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