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WWII 1939-1945 Chapter 26 The Rise of Dictators By the mid 1930’s many countries had been taken over by dictators… i.e. Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union. This was possible because many of these countries economic and political conditions were devastated by WWI. The major problem The Treaty of Versailles which ended WWI did not resolve the issues that caused the war. Italy and Japan were on the allied side during WWI, however they were not happy with the results of the treaty Germany was treated very harshly by the treaty Additionally, WWI left Europe’s economy in ruins. The Great Depression Because of the Great Depression the economic conditions of most European countries went from bad to worse, there was widespread unemployment, and unrest… many people now turned to new leaders to solve their problems. (Dictators) Benito Mussolini Dictator of Italy who came to power in 1922 – he began a political movement known as fascism – this political movement called for an extreme form of patriotism and nationalism that was often linked to racism. Adolf Hitler He was the leader of the fascist National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi party. The Nazi party attracted supporters by preaching German superiority. Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin took over the Soviet Union power in 1924, under Stalin the government tried to control every aspect of life in the nation. It crushed any form of opposition. Hideki Tojo Became prime minister in Japan – he increased Japan’s military power, and as the war progressed he took over Japan as a complete dictatorship. (he controlled every aspect of life.) Dictators expand their territory In the early 1930’s dictators began taking over other countries and expanding their territory… at first little was done to stop them – this became a threat to other democratic countries. The Axis Powers In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini formed an alliance called the Rome-Berlin Axis, which became known as the Axis. Japan joined the Axis in 1940. The beginning of war In 1938 Hitler invaded Austria, which was occupied with mostly German speaking people – many welcomed the unification Hitler also wanted to take over a part of Czechoslovakia – they did not want to be a part of Germany France and the Soviet Union pledged their support to Czechoslovakia if Germany attacked – this threatened another World War WWII Map British & French appeasement British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler to solve the problems… he agreed to let Hitler take over a part of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to stop trying to take over more countries. This is called British and French appeasement, which means that they were willing to meet Germany’s demands to avoid war. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill strongly disagreed with the policy of appeasement, he warned that Hitler would not stop taking over other countries. Hitler Broke His Promise Hitler soon broke his promise, in March 1939 he invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia. He then said he would seize Polish territory – Britain and France warned him that if he invaded Poland it would mean war. Germany & USSR In August 1939 Germany and the USSR (Soviet Union) promised not to attack each other Germany then invaded Poland on September 1 1939 & France & Britain declared war on Germany. Hitler quickly took over Poland using a new method of warfare called Blitzkrieg “lightning war” – (stressed speed and surprise attacks with tanks, troops and planes) he also quickly took over Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands. France Falls British and French troops could do little to stop Hitler. In 1940 Germany attacked France, in less than 2 weeks France surrendered. Germany thought that Britain would surrender after France fell, however Britain did not and continued fighting despite being attacked heavily by Germany… The British Air Force was able to hold off the German Air Force. Hitler invades the Soviet Union Despite their agreement not to attack each other Hitler decided to attack the Soviet Union. He was afraid of the Stalin’s ambitions in Europe, he did not want the U.S.S.R to become too powerful He also wanted the wheat and oil fields in the U.S.S.R Germany invaded the Soviet Union they killed and wounded many Soviet troops until December 1941 when the harshest winter in decades stopped the Nazi advance. The U.S. helps the Allies In 1941 Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act which allowed the U.S. to lend or lease resources and equipment to the Allies The U.S. sent Great Britain, the Soviet Union and other Allies about $50 billion worth of goods. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor In 1941 the Tojo government wanted to attack the Dutch East Indies, (a good source of oil) but the U.S. Navy stood in their way. On December 7 1941, Japanese warplanes bombed a huge American naval base at Pearl Harbor – the attack came as a complete surprise – many Americans were killed and the U.S. fleet was devastated… The U.S. joins the war President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war On Japan. President Roosevelt called this day “a day that will live in infamy.” The U.S. now declares war against Japan and Germany and Italy declared war Question 1 Now that the United States is at war with Japan, how do you think people in the U.S. feel about Japanese Americans? Japanese Americans might face harassment, discrimination – Internment New Social Changes This war, like WWI brought about a lot of social changes… The government set up an agency called the War Productions Board which coordinated the production of military supplies By 1945 the U.S. had produced about 300,000 aircrafts and 75,000 ships All together the U.S. produced 60 percent of the allies ammunition The End of the Great Depression The production of military supplies created a lot of factory jobs for people. This in turn ended the Great Depression In fact, “Between 1939 and 1945, the U.S. GNP soared from $90.5 billion to nearly $212 billion.” American Factories American factories produced so many military supplies that they stopped producing other supplies such as cars, tires, shoes, meat, and sugar. The government then had to use rationing, or giving families a fixed amount of certain products to manage the scarce resources. More Social Changes Women served in the U.S. Army Women Performed important non-combat duties Women built planes, tanks, and other military equipment Minorities also served in the Military More jobs opened up for minorities More than 1 million African Americans worked in the war industry More than 44,000 Native Americans Tens of thousands of Hispanics worked in the war industry and farming industry. (Braceros) Discrimination affects the U.S. The rise of minority workers caused racial tensions. African Americans and Mexican Americans suffered prejudice and violence in the defense industries in the Northern and Western Coast cities. The Government tries to stop Discrimination for minorities President Roosevelt issued executive order 8802. It outlawed discrimination in defense industries working for the Federal Government. Discrimination against Japanese Americans Because Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, many Americans directed their anger towards Japanese Americans. Because so many Americans feared that the Japanese Americans would be disloyal to the United States, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 in February 1942. Japanese Internment The order allowed the federal government to send Japanese Americans to internment camps which were similar to prisons. More than 111,000 Japanese Americans were forced to sell their property, quit their jobs, and go to these prison-like camps. War in Africa and Europe The Allies wanted to land in France as soon as possible. Churchill thought the Allies were unprepared for such an invasion. He convinced them that they should first drive the Germans out of North Africa in order to gain control of the Mediterranean and open the way to invade Europe through Italy. The Allied Plan The Allies did as Churchill suggested and they did defeat the Axis powers of Northern Africa – In May the Axis Powers of Northern Africa surrendered and the Allies planned their invasion of Italy. The Invasion of Italy The Allied forced the Germans out of Sicily and then moved towards Italy. By this time Italians had turned on Mussolini, and officials had imprisoned him. Although he escaped, the new Italian government surrendered to the Allies in September 1943. Germans Retreat From Russia In September 1942 Germany invaded the City of Stalingrad, the Russians fought back and were able to hold off the Germans for months until Winter. A German commander begged Hitler to let him retreat, but Hitler Refused. Many German Nazi soldiers froze and/or starved to death. In February 1943 the remaining German troops surrendered. This battle became a turning point of WWII Germans Surrendering "Dead in the mud and slush of the East. German soldiers died from the cold as much as from enemy action during this first winter in Russia." "The crew of a Pzkw III [Nazi tank] thaw the frozen mud round their tank. Vehicles stuck in the autumn were practically cemented in by the frosts." “German Captives: Russian soldiers don’t beat them or anything, on the contrary, they are giving them cigarettes and a light.” D-Day (June 6, 1944) D-Day was the Allied invasion of France. American, British and Canadian soldiers invaded France and began pushing out the Germans. This was the largest land-sea-air operation in army history. By the end of June 1944, 850,000 Allied troops had poured into France. They moved inland towards Paris battling Nazi troops along the way. On August 25, Allied forces freed the French capital. Hitler’s Final Assault In December 1944, Hitler launched his final assault, the Battle of the Bulge. German troops pushed back Allied forces in the Ardennes region of Belgium and Luxembourg before U.S. forces regrouped and defeated them. The battle’s human toll was costly, with about 120,000 German casualties and about 80,000 American casualties. The War Ends in Europe By early 1945 the Germans were retreating everywhere. As the Americans and British advanced from the west, the Russians raced towards the German capital from the East. Yalta Conference After Germany surrendered Allied leaders met in the Soviet resort of Yalta (Yalta Conference.) “The Big Three” (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin.) they had to decide the future of Europe. Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) In office 1933-1945 By the time of Yalta Conference President Roosevelt was in poor health. In April 1945 just months after being sworn in for a fourth term, the president died and the vice president Harry S. Truman, succeeded him and continued the war effort. Germany Surrenders In late April 1945 the Russians reached Berlin. Deep inside his air-raid bunker, Adolf Hitler sensed that the end was near. On April 30, the man who had conquered much of Europe committed suicide. German leaders then signed an unconditional surrender. The Holocaust As the Allies fought toward Berlin, they made a shocking discovery. Scattered throughout German-occupied territories were concentration camps where 6 million Jews and people of other persecuted groups (Gypsies, Russians, Poles, political prisoners, and homosexuals.) had been murdered. An estimated 11 million people were killed in all (More on the Holocaust later in the PP) Japanese Conquests Japan did not only attack Pearl Harbor, they also began attacking other territories at the same time, and expanding their power. By Christmas Japan controlled Hong Kong, Thailand, and the U.S. islands of Guam and Wake. They also pushed deeper into Southeast Asia attacking Malaya and Burma. Japanese Conquests Britain v. Japan Great Britain fought back, however proved to be no match for the Japanese invaders – Japan fought to take over the Philippines, mainly against American and Filipino troops led by General McArthur. General McArthur was removed from the Philippines and sent to Australia, shortly afterwards, Japan mounted an offensive and American troops surrendered and endured the brutal Bataan Death March. Bataan Death March. When Lt. General Masahuro Homma took the soldiers prisoner, he discovered that there were many more men than he had anticipated, and he was unable to transport all of them by truck to the prison camp in San Fernando. The only way to get the men to the camp was to make them march the 70 miles. The Japanese High Command advised him that it should only require a few days, but the men taken as prisoners of war were not in good health and were malnourished. That set the stage for an onslaught of inexcusable brutality. Bataan Death March. To show that they were the superior power in Asia. Japs committed random beatings and killings of all kinds. They killed men without provocation, or if a guard felt that someone had looked at him the wrong way, he was at liberty to bayonet him to death. If a prisoner was found with a souvenir, he was shot immediately because his executioners assumed that the only way to obtain such an item was to kill a Japanese soldier Bataan Death March. At one point, 30 POW’s attempted to fill their canteens on the side of the road. That was not what the Japanese had in mind. As the men were filling their canteens, the Japanese set up machine guns and shot them on the spot. Other men were allowed to get water, but when they got to it, it was filled with maggots. That was pure torture because there were water spigots nearby with clean water. Anyone who tried to drink water who was not allowed to, was shot. When the men were allowed to rest, they were forced down on burning hot pavement, and those who fell behind even a few yards were bayoneted and shot. The Allies Turn the Tide at Midway The Allies defeated the Japanese during the Battle of Midway. This became the turning point of the the war in the Pacific. After the Battle of Midway, the Allies went Island Hopping invading Japanese controlled islands and getting closer and closer to Japan. The Allies Re-take the Philippines In October 1944 the Allies invade the Philippines and defeated the Japanese. The Allies left Japan’s navy so badly damaged that it was no longer a threat. Iwo Jima and Okinawa The Allies realized that they were defiantly getting closer to defeating Japan, however they needed to get closer. They decided to invade Iwo Jima and Okinawa This made it possible to U.S. planes to attack Japan. The Allies could rescue the POW’s from the Bataan Death March. This would mean winning the war. The Allies successfully took over these islands. Why Atomic Weapons???????? The Allies planned to attack Japan’s mainland, however military leaders feared that this would cost between 200,000 and 1 million American casualties… therefore they considered using Atomic weapons. The Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Hiroshima President Truman warned Japan that if they did not surrender, it faced destruction. Japan refused to surrender and on August, 6 1945, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the industrial city of Hiroshima. The explosion killed more than 75,000 people and turned 5 square miles into a wasteland. Hiroshima "Now is the time to exterminate the Yellow Peril for all time… Let the rats squeal." —Congressman Charles A. Plumley, August 1945 The Destruction The Atomic Bomb is dropped on Nagasaki Japan still refused to give in, and on August 9, the United States dropped another Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki, killing another 40,000 people On August 14th Japan surrendered and the war was over. Nagasaki The Total Human Cost of the war. The exact human cost of the war is unknown, however it is estimated to be at around 20 million soldiers were killed and millions more injured The Soviet Union suffered the greatest losses with estimates reaching 8 million military deaths and another 5 million wounded. More than 400,000 American solders died, and over 600,000 were wounded. The Economic Cost The war also left most of the world’s economy in ruins…only the United States – where no major battles were fought, came out of the war with a strong economy. The U.S Helps Europe and Asia The U.S remained in Japan for years after the war, and helped them rebuild their economy. The U.S. also passed the Marshall Plan which allowed the United States to give more than $13 billion to help the nations of Europe get back on their feet. The Nuremberg Trials The Allies put German war criminals on trial…The original 24 defendants included some of Hitler’s top officials. They were charged with crimes against humanity for the Nazi’s murder of millions of Jews and others. 19 of the defendants were found guilty and 12 were sentenced to death. Over 130 others were found guilty in later trials. Changes in America and the World Leaders from 50 countries met and created the United Nations as an international peace keeping agency. The war helped spread communism which the U.S. will oppose in the years to come. The United States passed the G.I. Bill to help the returning soldiers… it gave them money for an education and a living allowance. Changes in America and the World In response to the Holocaust, the United Nations created the new nation of Israel in 1948 as a homeland for Jews in Palestine. Many Arabs in Palestine violently opposed Israel. WWII led to an atomic age – many countries will begin developing or attempting to develop atomic weapons. The Soviet Union emerged as a major world power – will later lead to the Cold War The Holocaust Adolf Hitler’s Hatred of Jews In his prison cell, he wrote a book that would form the blueprint for his destructive plans to conquer the world and rid it of people he considered inferior. Even then, he had a strong hatred of the Jews who he blamed for Germany's defeat in the first world war. The Nazi plan to exterminate Jewish people is known as the “final solution.” Adolf Hitler One of his first acts as leader was to construct six concentration camps. He planned to use them as prisons for German Jews and other people he disliked. It wasn't until near the end of the war when the Allies finally reached many of the camps that the true nature of his plan became known. Adolf Hitler In this image, Adolf Hitler is giving one of his famous fiery speeches. These speeches were given with such conviction, many Germans blindly followed him and became willing participants in his insane plans. Jewish Ghetto’s In Poland and Austria, he isolated the Jews from their fellow citizens by placing them in ghettos, the run-down sections of the larger cities. Jewish Ghettos This image shows Jews being used as slave labor in the construction of a wall around a ghetto; the run-down section of a city where the Jews were held to separate them from the general population. Many Jews were shipped to work camps and death camps from these ghettos. Holocaust Throughout German occupied Europe, Jews were also ordered to wear the golden colored six-pointed Star of David to identify them as Jews. For no reason other than who they were, Jews lost their jobs, businesses, homes and all their earthly possessions. Jews Practicing their religion was forbidden and Jewish schools were closed. The few children who were able to attend other schools were now being ridiculed by classmates and teachers who were once their friends. The madness he had started in Germany was now happening across all of Nazi occupied Europe. School Children 1935: Two Jewish students are made fun of by their class. The writing on the blackboard says, "The Jew is our greatest enemy! Beware of the Jew!". Hitler’s Plan As Hitler's plan unfolded, mass arrests of Jews were ordered. Men, women and children of all ages were herded into town squares and railway yards in cities throughout Europe. Wives were separated from their husbands and children from their parents. Adults with a trade and in good physical health were taken to work camps where they were forced to work as slaves to supply the German army with food, clothing, weapons and ammunition. The Fate of Children In this picture, children separated from their parents are placed with older people. The Star of David Hitler ordered them to wear as a badge of shame is visible on the coats of a few. Death Camps Adults who were sick or too weak to work were taken to death camps where they were either hanged, shot or gassed to death by the thousands. Their bodies, stripped of clothing, jewelry and even the gold fillings in their teeth. They were either dumped and buried in mass graves or cremated in large ovens and open pits. In some cases, whole families were imprisoned together. This did not, however, spare them of the horrible fate Hitler had planned for them all. Death Camps In this image women and children arrive at a death camp. Unknown to them, they had mere hours to live. Sadly, it is not hard to see how frightened they must have been. The fate of Children The children arrested by the Germans ranged in age from infants to teenagers. The chances of surviving the death camps was greater for the older children who were considered better able to work. Young mothers were often killed, some still clutching their infant children in a mother's loving embrace. The Fate of Children Many school-aged children suffered the same fate as the sick and elderly. Some were spared the death camps, but their fate was just as horrible. They were used as subjects in all kinds of medical experiments. Some were given germs that caused diseases, and once sick, injected with experimental medicines to study how the human body would respond. Even some of the adults did not escape Nazi medical and military experiments. Many children suffered greatly until their deaths. Those that did survive have carried the physical and emotion scars throughout their lives. Shipping Jews to Concentration Camps The Jews arrested by the Nazis were transported to concentration camps on trains but not in comfortable passenger cars. They were forced to travel in overcrowded and poorly ventilated freight and cattle cars. Even here, no dignity was considered for them. Shipping Jews to Concentration Camps Inside the rail cars, men, women and children were forced to stand for hours without food and water as the trains made their way slowly to concentration camps across Europe. A pail in one corner of the car served as a toilet for all. When the trains arrived at their destinations, some people, especially the sick and elderly, had died of thirst or suffocation en route because of the overcrowding. Most of them were unaware of their fate. Boarding the Trains Concentration Camps Life in the German concentration camps was unbearable. The camps weren't much better than the railway's cattle cars that had brought them there. They were constructed with row upon row of barrackstyle houses and were secured by barbed-wire fences, guard towers and patrolling soldiers. Concentration Camps Inside, the barracks there was nothing more than rows of beds stacked from floor to ceiling. There was little space between each row and hardly any room to move around in each bed. Here too, there was little food and water. Usually, all of the Jews, regardless of age, had their heads shaved and their clothes confiscated and replaced with stripped prison-like uniforms. Concentration Camps Thousands in the camps died from starvation, disease, and exposure to the cold and damp weather. Others were shot at the whim of the Nazis guards. Those Jews that were imprisoned in the work camps had their lives spared but were fed only enough food to keep them alive. Nutrition was poor. Barely more than skin and bones, these workers endured equally horrible conditions. Concentration Camps In this image, a group of women can be seen marching from a concentration camp. Sometimes they were required to do hard work in gravel pits and rock quarries. Often the work served no purpose but to further humiliate the captured Jews. The Holocaust In this photo, children wait their freedom as Allied soldiers reach their camp. Dressed in prison-like clothing, these children may have been used as slave labor or as subjects in medical experiments. The children that survived outside of the camps did so because they were hidden in homes, basements and convents or lived with Christian families who concealed their identities. The Human Toll By the end of the war, an estimated six million Jews had been killed in one way or another inside and outside concentration camps across Europe. No one knows for sure how many children were killed but it is believed to be between 1.2 and 1.5 million. Poland lost the greatest portion of it Jewish population. Denmark, thanks to the concern of almost its entire population, saved ninety-seven percent of its Jewish population, more than any other country in Europe. Polish Jews and Non Jews The Polish Jews suffered more than any other group at the hands of the Nazis, but they were not the only victims. Poland's non-Jewish population also suffered great losses. Anyone who came to the aid of Jews had their homes destroyed or were arrested. In Poland, where helping Jews was punishable by death, many were killed for helping their Jewish friends and fellow citizens. Millions more Poles were killed as part of Hitler's plan to eliminate people of non-Aryan descent. An estimated two million Poles were used in slave labor camps and over 1.5 million, some of them children, were deported in cattle cars to Siberian Russia. Many died of exposure. Destruction of Buildings Historically important buildings such as churches and synagogues were destroyed and many documents detailing Polish history were destroyed. It is estimated that five million Poles lost their lives to Hitler's madness. Because Polish newspapers were forbidden, the world knew very little about what was happening. For many Poles, this tragedy is the forgotten holocaust. The Holocaust Shortly after the war ended in 1949, the surviving officers of the German army responsible for killing the Jews were placed on trial for war crimes. In the years that followed many of the German officers who committed these crimes but had escaped capture, were hunted down, put on trial for their part in the crime and imprisoned or hanged for their actions. The Rescuers Suspecting what was likely to happen to the Jews arrested by the Germans, it is little wonder that many people wanted to save their Jewish friends and countrymen, even at the risk of their own and their family's lives. The Nazis did medical experiments on children in Auschwitz, one of the Nazi death camps. Anne Frank Anne Frank and her family, with two other familes, hid in this building in Amsterdam in July, 1942, to escape from the Nazis. After more than two years, they were betrayed and sent to the concentration camp, where Anne Frank died. After the war, it was discovered that she had kept a diary. In it Anne about what it was like to be in hiding. A mass execution of Jews in Nazi occupied Soviet Union. A mass execution of Jews in Nazi occupied Ukraine. Many of the victims of the holocaust were children. Concentration Camps 105064 - aka Fred Wolf Starvation “We…shall be compelled to destroy a third of the population in the adjacent lands. We can achieve this by systematic undernourishment which in the end gives a better result than machine guns do. Physically breaking them will be more effective especially among the young.” — German Officer Gerd Von Rundstedt, 1942 April 12, 1945: Nordhausen Concentration Camp, where 20,000 inmates were believed to have died. In occupied Austria, SS Nazis and local residents watch with delight as Jews are being humiliated by being forced to get on their hands and knees and scrub the pavement. Auschwitz Survivors Holocaust's tragic legacy Crematorium adjacent to the gas chamber in Auschwitz. Inside the gas chamber at Auschwitz