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LCSSTI WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP Questions • The eight military excursions to the Holy Land in the 12th.century were known as the Crusades • The Europeans, in the Crusades, were attempting to make the Holy Land safe for Chrisitians • ) The result of their experiences brought on the Renaissance • was a period of reawakening in art and literature in Europe Renaissance • The selling of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church brought on the Reformation • ) A leader in the opposition to the selling of indulgences was Martin Luther • The cross-cultural diffusion of European and New World items is known as the Columbian Exchange • saw the trading of vegetables, fruits, domesticated animals, and diseases. • (Diseases such as small pox, measles, chicken pox, and influenza ravaged Native American groups • because they had no developed immunities to them. Columbian Exchange • Spanish soldier/explorers were known as Conquistadors • In 1519 the Aztecs, of Central Mexico, were conquered by Hernando Cortez • Incas were conquered in 1532 by Francisco Pizzarro • The first permanent settlement in North America was St. Augustine • London Company of Virginia started England’s first permanent colony at Jamestown • ) In 1614, John Rolfe developed Virginia Burley Tobacco, saving the Jamestown Colony. • Rolfe later married the Powhatan princess Pochohantas • ) The Jamestown Colony traded with the neighboring Native American group Powahotan • The original leader of the Jamestown Colony was John Smith • The first legislative body in North America was the House of Burgesses • The first rift between the colonies and England came over the Navigation Acts • The French and Indian War was fought between the English and Mohawks vs. the French and their Native allies the Hurons, Ottawas, and Obenakes • The Navigation Acts angered the colonist because it • restricted free trade • The decisive battle of the French and Indian War was Quebec • ,was a tax on sugar and molasses in the colonies. This act actually lowered the import • tariff on sugar and molasses, but focused more on stopping smuggling in the colonies The Sugar Act • in 1765, was a tax on paper products and was like a sales tax The Stamp Act • in 1765, called for colonials to house and feed British troops • The Quartering Act • in 1766, declared all acts of colonial assemblies to be null and void if they were not • in the best interest of England.. The Declaratory Act • were a group of taxes on individual products, including tea The Townshend Acts • was a clash between British soldiers and dockworkers in Boston over jobs. • 5 colonists were killed; British officer was tried for murder and acquitted The Boston Massacre • The protest over the tax on tea brought on the Boston Tea Party • On Apr. 18, 1775 the British soldiers were marching to ___________ • to take possession of the colonial • arsenal located there. Concord • first shot of the American Revolution • was fired. Oddly enough, no one knows which side fired first. Lexington • ) In 1215, King John was forced to sign the __________guaranteeing freedom to his vassals Magna Carta • The idea of the “Natural Rights of Man” was developed by • wrote Social Contract in which he stated the rulers rule by the consent of the governed, and if they • don’t rule properly, they should be replaced? John Locke • Government ruled by the “General Will of the People” was the idea of _____________also wrote a book called Social Contract in which he advocated a system of electing rulers Jean-Jacques Rousseau • ) A three branch government with checks and balances was the idea of the ______ • outlined this idea in Spirit of the Laws Baron de Montesquieu • The idea that “All men are created equal” stems from John Locke’s Tabula Rasa or Blank Slate Theory • A rebirth of religious fervor in the colonies was The Great Awakening • Jonathon Edwards, George Whitefield, Increase Mather, and • Cotton Mather. 10-2 Leaders in the Great Awakening the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, they guarantee individual rights Bill Of Rights In Sept. 1774, 56 colonials met in Philadelphia, Pa. for the First Continental Congress • Their purpose in this meeting was to draw up a____________________________ Declaration of colonial rights • voted to recognize the Continental Army, place George Washington • as commander and chief of the army, and to form a committee to deal with foreign nations. 10-3 The Second Continental Congress • On July 8th. 1775, the 2nd. Continental Congress sent a communication to King George asking that he assist • in returning relations to normal, this is called the Olive Branch Petition • The first two political parties in the U.S. were the • Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans • The Declaration of Independence, a formal declaration explaining the reasons for the colonies’ actions • was written by Thomas Jefferson • The first form of government used by the U.S. was • Written in 1776 by • John Dickinson, ratified in 1781, replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1788 The Articles of Confederation • ) One glaring weakness of the Articles of Confederation was the lack of an Executive Branch • The Articles of Confederation passed two pieces of legislation • The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the • Northwest Ordinance of 1787. • outlined surveying techniques and measurements that we still use today The Land Ordinance • The problems created by interstate trade prompted the reform of our government and the meeting of the Constitutional Convention • (created by James Madison) called for a twohouse (bicameral) legislature (apportioned • by population) and an Executive Branch. This favored the larger states The Virginia Plan • (created by William Patterson) called for a single-house (unicameral) legislature • apportioned evenly for all states and an Executive Branch. This favored smaller states. The New Jersey Plan • took parts of both plans and created our Constitution. Written by Roger Sherman The Great Compromise. believed in a strong central government Federalists, • believed in leaving the • bulk of the power with the states. Dem.-Republicans • wrote articles for ratification of the Constitution • known as “The Federalist Papers James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton • Opponents of the constitution were called • and wanted a bill of rights added Antifederalists,. • The compromise between Hamilton and Jefferson gave the Federalists the economic plan that they wanted, gave the Democratic-Republicans capitol city in the South • had three main parts: Payment of national debts; Assuming of • state debts; and the creation of a national bank. Alexander Hamilton’s economic plan • established the right of the Supreme Court • to find laws and legislation constitutional or unconstitutional. This is known as JUDICIAL REVIEW Marshall Court ruling in the case of Marbury vs. Madison • A statement in the beginning of a document which explains its intent is a preamble. • The U.S. Constitution provides for there to be a three branch system of government including • an executive, • a legislative and a judicial branch. The legislative branch makes the laws, the judicial branch interprets • the laws and the executive branch enforce the laws • in the constitution allows what is necessary and proper to conduct the government • The elastic clause The 13th. Amendment • ended slavery in the U.S. • established equal protection under the law for all citizens • The 14th. Amendment • gave all males the right to vote The 15th. Amendment • provided suffrage for women • The 19th. Amendment • ) Laws which restricted the rights of former slaves were known as Black Codes • The Commander and Chief of the Continental Army was George Washington • Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Hancock, others were known as patriots. • Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott all rode to warn the countryside that the “Redcoats were coming • The first major battle of the American Revolution was Bunker Hill, around Boston, Ma • The first victory for the Continental Army came at Trenton, in New Jersey • The turning point of the Revolution came with the U.S. victory at Saratoga, in New York • ) George Washington placed ______ in charge of U.S. forces in the South in 1779 Nathaniel Greene • The winter of 1777-78 saw the Continental Army rest and retrain at Valley Forge, Pa • The man in charge of training the troops was • a Prussian volunteer • who proved later to be neither a general nor a baron. He did such a good job with the troops that • Washington gave him the rank of general. General, the Baron, von Steuben • A combined effort of Rochambeau, Washington, Lafayette, and Greene produced the victory in the • final battle at Yorktown, in Virginia • The treaty ending the Revolution and recognizing U.S. independence was the Treaty of Paris 1783 • made up the U.S. delegation to negotiate the treaty Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay • To a great extent, victory in the revolution can be attributed to the diplomatic work of _________with his success in bringing the French into the war on the U.S. side Benjamin Franklin • The U.S. gained land belonging to the British east of the Mississippi River and south of Canada as a • result of the Treaty of Paris 1783 • Naval abuses such as impressments and embargoes brought on the War of 1812 • The War of 1812 saw the burning of the new city of Washington, D.C., by the British • )Indian alliances with the Creeks and Shawnee helped the • British in the War of 1812 • A group of Southern volunteers under the leadership of Andrew Jackson won the War of 1812 battles • of Horseshoe Bend over the • Red Stick Creeks in Alabama, and the British at New Orleans • The Shawnees and their Chief, Tecumseh, were defeated by forces under the command of William • Henry Harrison at the battles of • Tippecanoe in Indiana, and The Thames in Michigan • idea of an Indian Confederation to expel the Whites from America had failed with the • End of the War of 1812. 10-6 Tecumseh’s • ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. Dec. 24, 1814 The War of 1812 • The act of legislation which outlined specific requirements for statehood and sought to create from 3 to 5 • new states in the Northwest Territory was the • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • made up the Northwest Territory • Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota • During Thomas Jefferson’s administration, the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napoleonic • France for $15,000,000.00 • Jefferson sent ____________on an expedition to map and examine this purchase Lewis and Clark • The Shoshone woman who guided and interpreted for the expedition was Sacagawea. • Internal improvements including better roads and transportation systems were part of Henry Clay’s • American Plan • Some of the transportation improvements included • The National Road (Cumberland, Md. To Wheeling, Va.), • The Erie Canal (connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie), and The Natchez Trace (Natchez, Ms. To • Nashville, Tn.) • After the original 13 states, new states were admitted in pairs to maintain a slave state-free state balance • European countries should no longer look to colonize in the Americas according to the • Monroe Doctrine • The Federalist lost a great leader when Alexander Hamilton was killed in a duel by Aaron Burr • The U.S. Supreme Court and the Federal District Court system were created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 • The Election of 1824 was called by Andrew Jackson, a Corrupt bargain • The election of Jackson in 1828 saw the rise of the Spoils system” in U.S, politics • produced what has come to be known as “The Trail of Tears”. 10-7 • The Indian Removal Act of 1830 • were all • Settler’s trails used to travel west. 10-6 • The California Trail (from Independence, Mo. to Sacramento, Ca.), the Mormon Trail (from Nauvoo, Il. • To Salt Lake City, Ut.), and the Oregon Trail ( from Independence, Mo. to Portland, Or.) • In 1849, gold was found at Sutter’s Mill in California, which started the California Gold Rush • )The idea that the U.S. should rule the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans is Manifest Destiny • Stephen F. Austin became the empresario of a tract of land in the Mexican province • This was called the Austin Colony and later was the foundation for the state of Texas Davy Crockett, William Barrett Travis, and Jim Bowie were all present and were killed • The Alamo • leader of the Texas Army for Independence, later defeated El Presidente, the general, • Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana’s Mexican Army at *San Jacinto in South Texas. Sam Houston • featured the Battles of Gonzales, The Alamo, Goliad, and San Jacinto The War for Texas Independence • The conclusive Mexican War battles of Cerro Gordo and Chapultepec were planned by the young U.S. • Marine Captain Robert E. Lee. • Famous U.S. leaders of this war were Gen. Zachary Taylor, • Gen. Winfield Scott, Capt. Stephen Kearney, and Adm. Stockton. The Mexican Army was led by Santa Ana • battles of the Mexican War • )The Mexican War served as a training ground for the leaders of the U.S. Civil War 13 years later. • Notable military figures from this war were • Lee, Jefferson Davis, “Stonewall” Jackson, U.S. Grant. • James Longstreet, George Pickett, George Meade, Winfield Hancock, P.G.T. Beauregard, Joseph • Johnston, and Albert Sydney Johnston. • The U.S. gained most of the area of the U.S. Southwest as a result of the • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo • A tract of land in Southern Arizona was obtained by the Gadsden Purchase to build a • ) transcontinental • railroad. • )Legislation that would forbid extending slavery into the land acquired from Mexico was called the • Wilmot Proviso • Along with Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for • women’s rights in the 19th. Century • an African-American woman, worked for women’s rights and abolition • Sojourner Truth • In 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton headed up a convention to bring about reform in • women’s rights at • Seneca Falls, N.Y. • The National Woman Suffrage Association was founded by Susan B. Anthony • published a newspaper called The Liberator William Lloyd Garrison was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • book Uncle Tom’s Cabin • escaped slave, spoke eloquently to groups about abolition before the Civil War • Frederick Douglas • said that she was a conductress on the “Underground Railroad”. 10-8 • Harriet Tubman • was a system of safe houses that escaped slaves could use while traveling north The “Underground Railroad • was instrumental in reforming asylums in the 19th. Century Dorothea Dix • Groups of people who tried to form perfect societies were said to live Utopian Communities • 19th. Century education was reformed by the efforts Horace Mann • The temperance societies sought to limit or prohibit the use of • alcoholic beverages • The British attacked Ft. McHenry and were repelled, causing Francis Scott Key to write the words • To the Star Spangled Banner • In 1798 the cotton gin was invented by ) Eli Whitney • Robert Fulton• The steamboat • Elias Howe- the sewing machine • The Supreme Court case which affirmed the right of the federal government to control interstate • commerce was Gibbons vs. Ogden • was the most influential justice of the 19th. Century Supreme Court John Marshall • The Tariff of 1828 was called the • Tariff of Abominations” by Southerners • The fight over the Tariff of 1828 caused the • idea of nullification to resurface, the same idea as outlined in • The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. These were commentaries written by Jefferson and Madison over • passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts during John Adams administration. They felt that states had the right to • nullify a federal law to which the majority of the citizens of that state objected. • President Andrew Jackson had to send troops to South Carolina to collect the tariff. It was soon replaced by • a less oppressive compromise tariff engineered by • Henry Clay( a.k.a. The Great Compromiser • wrote in the transcendentalism theme, one emphasizing a simple life and truth in • nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson • wrote Walden in 1854, advocating that people listen to their inner voice as • to right and wrong Henry David Thoreau • )The Scarlet Letter was a novel about the Puritans in New England written by Nathaniel Hawthorne • A noted mystery writer of the 19th. Century was • ) Edgar Allen Poe. • Leather Stocking Tales about life on the 17th. and 18th. Century frontier was written by • James Fenimore • Cooper. • The Compromise of 1850 admitted • California as a free state, set up New Mexico and Utah as territories • with no slave restrictions, banned the slave trade in Washington D.C., and enacted a stricter Fugitive • Slave Law. It also payed Texas for land used to create New Mexico • not only called for runaway slaves to be returned to their masters, but also • created fines for assisting runaways, and rewards for helping to apprehend runaways The New Fugitive Slave Law • was an example of “Popular Sovereignty”. This was the brainchild of Stephen • Douglas, and allowed territories to vote to become a slave or free territory • The Kansas-Nebraska Act • In 1854 members of the Northern Whigs, Free Soilers, and the Know-Nothing Party met in Ripon, Ws. • and created • Republican Party • was a Supreme Court case in 1857 that affirmed the right of slave owners • to hold slaves as property. • Dred Scott Decision • The militant abolitionist attacking the federal arsenal at Harpers • Ferry, Va. • John Brown • In the Election of 1860 the candidates were • Abraham Lincoln-Republican, John C. Breckinridge-Southern • Democrat, Stephen Douglas-Northern Democrat, and John Bell- Constitutional Union Party • won the Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln • became the first state to secede from the union South Carolina • were slave states that never formally seceded from the union • Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware • that did not secede came to known as border states • Slave states. • The first capitol of the Confederate States of America was • Montgomery, Al. The capitol was moved to • Richmond, Va. after Virginia seceded • The first president of the C.S.A. was • Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi • ( the first African-American to serve as a U.S. Senator.) • Hiram Revels • The North’s main goal for the Civil War • was to preserve the union and conquer the South • The South’s main goal for the Civil War • was to gain independence and freedom • The first shots of the Civil War were fired at • Ft. Sumter in South Carolina • The first major battle of the Civil War was • 1st. Manassas(a.k.a. *1st. Bull Run) in Virginia • After *Ft. Sumter • Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded. These states are known as • “The Upper South”. The states that seceded before Sumter, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, • Louisiana, Florida, and Texas are known as “The Deep South • After the secession of the Upper South • Richmond, Va. became the capitol • The North developed a plan for victory called • The Anaconda Plan”. It was called this because it was • designed to squeeze the life out of the South economically, as an anaconda subdues its victim • The Anaconda Plan was a three pronged plan that would capture • Richmond, Va., blockade the southern • coast (controlling the major seaports), and Controlling the Mississippi and Tennessee River Valleys • failed to capture the Southern capitol in the Peninsula Campaign of 1862. • The Peninsula Campaign consisted of the battles of Mechanicsville, Seven Pines(a.k.a. Fair Oaks), • Williamsburg, The Seven Days Battle of Richmond, and Malvern Hill. • Gen. George McClellen • After Gen Joe Johnston was wounded at Seven Pines in 1862, he was replaced as Commander of the • Army of Northern Virginia by • Gen. Robert E. Lee • He was given the name • by Gen. Bernard Bee for the courageous stand at Henry House Hill, turning the tide of battle and facilitating • the Confederate victory • 1st. Manassas Gen. Thomas J. Jackson was given the nickname “Stonewall • Stonewall Jackson kept the Union Army divided as they felt like they had • To keep 150,000 troops around Washington D.C. for protection. Jackson only had 22,000 troops • The Shenandoah Campaign • Gen. Robert E. Lee’s greatest victory came at • *Chancellorsville, in Virginia • The South’s most devastating victory came at • Fredericksburg, in Virginia • was the first battle of two ironclad warships • Hampton Roads, in Virginia,. The South had the • C.S.S. Virginia and the North had the Monitor.( The North seemed to like reptiles) • was a submarine utilized by the Confederate Navy. First sub to sink an enemy ship • C.S.S. Hunley • caused violent riots in Northern cities.(Ever seen Gangs of New • York). They mistakenly blamed the freed African-Americans for the losses in the war of their sons and • savagely attacked areas where they lived, lynching and burning for almost a week. • In early 1863 the instituting of the draft • Lincoln saw the opportunity to introduce slavery as an issue in the war. 10-10 • • The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery behind Confederate lines only. Sort of like the president • setting the speed limit for Canada. • Antietam in 1862 • gave 160 acres of land in the territories to potential settlers • The Homestead Act. • established land grant colleges. (Auburn, Alabama A&M, etc • Morrill-Land Grant Act • The C.S.A. invasión of the North ended with • Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania • is noted as the turning point of the Civil War • Gettysburg. • gave the Union Army control over the Mississippi River • The fall of Vicksburg, Ms • was suspended to assist in jailing suspected spies • Writ of Habeas Corpus • was named commander of the U.S. Armies after *Gettysburg • Gen. Ulysses S. Grant • Chickamauga on Lookout Mt. in N.W. Georgia • In 1864 the C.S.A. won a great victory at • “Made Georgia Howl” with his infamous burning of Atlanta and his • “March to the Sea”. Gen. William T. Sherman • consecrated the cemetery at Gettysburg with his Gettysburg Address • President Abraham Lincoln • Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. U.S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Va • The South was forced to surrender because they ran out of all supplies. Lee’s men had not eaten in 5 days at the time • )In all the South lost 260,000 soldiers in the war. The North lost 385,000 soldiers. The civilian losses • balance things out though. The South lost • 625,000 civilians, the North lost 0. • • )President Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction of the South was called the Ten Percent Plan • Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theater by • by John Wilkes Booth • passed in 1864 would place the congress in charge of reconstruction. Lincoln • Killed it with a “pocket veto The Wade-Davis Bill • The Congressional Plan for reconstruction called for • five military districts in the South, a major general • In charge of each district, and mandatory acceptance of the 14th. Amendment • The first president to be impeached was Andrew Johnson • ended slavery in the U.S • The 13th. Amendment • granted equal protection under the law for all citizens. Called “The Equal Rights Act”. The 14th. Amendment • was the Voting Rights Act, and granted the right to vote to all male citizens. • The 15th. Amendment • Those Northerners who used the situation in the South to their monetary advantage were known as • Carpetbaggers”. • Those Southerners who took advantage of their neighbors for monetary gain were known as • “Scalawags”. • Dr. Charles Summersell at U. of Alabama called them the “ lowest rung of the food chain • Perhaps the most well known resistance group to reconstruction was the Ku Klux Klan • replaced slavery as the main labor force in the South • Sharecropping and tenant farming • saw Ulysses S. Grant win the Presidency • The Election of 1868. 10-11 • • The return to power of the Democratic Party in the South was known as • redemption • The federal program for the education of African-Americans and poor whites was Freedman’s Bureau • When federal troops left the South in 1877, the South resumed • ) home rule • were all battles of the 1860-70’s • Between the Plains Indians and the U.S. Army. • The Fetterman Massacre, the Sand Creek Massacre, and the *Little Bighorn • The U.S. Army found the most effective way to eradicate the Plains Indians was the • annihilation of • the buffalo. Less dangerous to fight the buffalo, they didn’t shoot back • ended tribal ownership of land in the western territories • The Dawes Act of 1877 • )The Sioux were finally beaten for good a • Wounded Knee, S.D. in 1890 • were famous cattle • trails of the 1870-90’s . • The Chisholm Trail, The Goodnight-Loving Trail, and The Sedalia-Baxter Springs Trail • The first transcontinental railroad started in • Omaha, Ne. and went west to Sacremento, Ca.. On May 10, • 1869, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific construction crews met at Promontory Point, Utah • allowed more land to be broken for crops in an easier manner • The invention of the steel plow by John Deere • The influx of homesteaders into the west brought about the need for • barbed wire to divide farm land • from open range. • was used on the prairie to bring up water for irrigation • The windmill • came to be known as the peacemaker • In the old west, the Colt 45 revolver • 1867 Oliver Kelley founded the Patrons of Husbandry, which later became • The Grange. • )In 1892 the advent of Populism gave rise to the • Populist Party • The Comstock Mine in Virginia City_____________became one of the richest ore strikes of all Nevada. • The idea of conservation was an idea of the _____________with respect to reclaiming land • And waterway • Progressive Movement • A humorist and author of the late 19th. Century was Samuel Clemons • ), a.k.a. Mark Twain • made it possible to pull petroleum from the ground • The invention of the steam drill in 1859 • was developed around 1850 to process steel • The Bessemer Process • emerged as the main steel production centers • In the U.S • Pittsburgh, Pa., Birmingham, Al., and Cleveland, Oh • The byproduct of petroleum that was originally discarded was • gasoline. • invention of the incandescent light bulb made electricity a must for American • homes as well as industry. • Thomas Alva Edison’s • The telephone was unveiled by _____________in 1876, at the Centennial Exposition • In Philadelphia, Pa • Alexander Graham Bell • area was rich in coal, the fuel most used in industry • The Appalachian Mountain • , reestablished the right of the federal gov’t. to control interstate com. 11-2 • 225)The Standard Oil Co. was owned by John D. Rockefeller • The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 • made a fortune in the steel industry (U.S. Steel ), and used some of the proceeds to fund • The Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, and Carnegie Hall. Andrew Carnegie • industrialists of the late 19th. Century were known collectively as • The robber barons • Origin of Species gave rise to the economic term Social Darwinism, meaning survival • of the fittest in the business world. Charles Darwin’s • supported the idea that the rich must incur God’s favor by their hard work, • While the poor must be lazy and undeserving • The Gospel of Wealth • wrote popular and inspirational stories of the achievements of individuals • Horatio Alger • entered the workforce, only to be mired in low paying jobs with long hours • Women. • could easily work a 14 hour day and receive roughly half a man’s pay • A child • The first large scale organization of laborers was the National Labor Union • suffered with low pay, long hours, and no benefits • Women in the labor market of the late 1800’s • Samuel Gompers, a member of the Cigar Workers Union • led in the organization of the American • Federation of Labor. ( a.k.a. the A.F. of L.) • focused on collective bargaining or group negotiations • The A.F. of L • the American Railway Union, became the leader of the American Communist Party • Eugene V. Debs • occurred in Chicago, Il. This happened in the wake of a striker • being killed by the police at the McCormick Harvester Plant the day before. About 1,200 people took part • the Haymarket Riot • happened in the steel industry in Pennsylvania. July 6, 1892 • The Homestead Strike • was against the railroad car industry. This happened in 1894, and was roughly • equivalent to the U.A.W. going on strike industry wide toda The Pullman Strike • Perhaps the most prominent organizer in the women’s labor movement was • ) Mary Harris “Mother” Jones • ” refers to immigrants entering the U.S. as a workforce The Golden Door • The port of entry in New York City was Ellis Island • On the west coast it was Angel Island • was the main force in city politics of the late 1800’ • A political machine • One such group was Tammany Hall in New York City. This group was headed by • William Marcy Tweed. • a.k.a. “Boss Tweed”. • sought to return control of the government to the people, restore • economic opportunities, and correct injustices in American life. • The Progressive Movement in America • 11-2 • Gaining new territory was never a goal of the • Progressive Movement • worked to gain legislation that would eliminate child labor and • Shorten working hours for women. Florence Kelley, of Chicago • led the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in the eventual • prohibition of alcoholic beverages. Carrie Nation and her famous hatchet • was a settlement house run by Jane Addams • Chicago’s famous Hull House • Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business were known as • muckrakers • a novel by Upton Sinclair, was about corruption in the meat industry The Jungle • was printed in McClure’s Magazine and was • written by Ida Tarbell • The expository serial, History of the Standard Oil Co • The recognized leader of the Progressive Movement was • Robert M. LaFollette of Wisconsin • is a bill originated by the people rather than legislators • An initiative • is where the people vote on a bill rather than legislators A referendum where a political office holder can be removed by a vote of the people • A recall • saw the founding of the N.A.A.C.P. • The Niagra Movement • was founded by W.E.B.Dubois • The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • The keynote address at the Atlanta Exposition was given by • Booker T. Washington • Tuskegee Institute in South Alabama was founded by • ) Booker T. Washington • developed numerous ways to use the peanut. I would tell you how many exactly, • but 5 sources gave me 5 different numbers. It ranges from 98 to 153 • George Washington Carver • that equality in the races could • be satisfied by providing separate but equal facilities. • Plessy vs. Ferguson • In Alabama, the last revision of the state constitution was in 1901. • to the U.S. Constitution called for the establishment of income tax • )The 16th. Amendment • the U.S. Constitution called for the direct election of U.S. Senators. Prior to this, • U.S. Senators were elected by each state house of representatives The 17th. Amendment to • to the U.S. Constitution prohibited the sale, manufacture, and transportation of • alcoholic beverages • 18th. Amendment • to the U.S. Constitution granted suffrage to women. 11-5 • 269)Although almost all women’s rights activist advocated the right to vote for women, Susan B. Anthony • is most associated with this reform movement. • The 19th. Amendment • granted exceptions to prohibition in cases of medicinal and religious uses of alcohol • The Volstead Act • by Upton Sinclair, caused the passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906 • The novel The Jungle • The founder of the Sierra Club was • John Muir. The Sierra Club is a conservation group, mostly in • the west that seeks to preserve the natural forests. • During the Theodore Roosevelt administration • 44 suits were filed against trust • )For his work in the area of breaking up industrial trusts, Roosevelt was given the nickname • Trustbuster • As a result of a split in the Republican Party in 1912 • Woodrow Wilson was elected president. • Wilson, a native of Virginia, was the first Southerner elected president after the Civil War • put some teeth in the old Sherman Antitrust Act which had been vague • and ineffective in controlling industrial trusts. • The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 • Besides declaring certain business practices illegal • the Clayton Act gave exceptions to labor unions • and farm organizations. • was a “watchdog agency” to further regulate the practices of big business. • It established the Federal Trade Commission, known today as the F.T.C • )The Federal Trade Act of 1914 • By 1923 nearly 70% of the nations banking was part of the • Federal Reserve System • Theodore Roosevelt ran as a Progressive which served to split the Republican Party • In the Election of 1912 • In 1919, Congress passed the • 19th. Amendment, giving women the right to vote • is the practice of strong nations extending their economic, political, and military control • over weaker nations. • )Imperialism • is given credit for the development of the modern U.S. Navy • Admiral Alfred T. Mahan • imperialism in Africa, India, and China posed the threat of destroying the • world’s balance of power European and Asian • An example of U.S. territorial expansion would be the takeover of the • Hawaiian Islands • stirred many Americans to be concerned about Spanish atrocities in Cuba • The writing of Jose Marti • a communication between the Spanish Foreign Minister and Madrid, critical • of President McKinley, that was intercepted and printed in the U.S The DeLome Letter was • Misleading or outright untrue stories of the Cuban situation came to known as • yellow journalism • was a struggle between the Hearst and Pulitzer news chains to get the most sensational • stories and sell the most newspapers. Things haven’t changed much, have they? • The yellow press • were a group of volunteers who went to Cuba to fight for Cuban independence • The Rough Riders • and consisted of cowboys, Indians, and • New York City aristocrats. This group was organized and led by Theodore Roosevelt • were made up of African-American troops known as “Buffalo Soldiers • The U.S. 9th. and 10th. Cavalries • The Commanding Officer of all volunteer forces in Cuba was • Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler. Wheeler was • the only man to be a Major General in both the Confederate and U.S. Armies • The decisive battle of The Spanish-American War was • San Juan Hill • defeated the Spanish Pacific Fleet at *Manilla Bay • Commander George Dewey • A major reason for the U.S. involvement in Cuba was the mysterious sinking of the • ) U.S.S. Maine • )The Spanish-American War was ended by • 297 The Treaty of Paris 1898. It called for Cuba to be independent, • Spain to give Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S., and for the U.S. to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines • denied citizenship to Puerto Ricans and gave the U.S. President the right to appoint • Puerto Rico’s governor and upper house legislature • The Foraker Act • was Secretary of State under both President McKinley and President T. Roosevelt • John Hay • added several clarifications to the Cuban Constitution, mainly clarifying the • U.S.’s relationship to Cuba. Among other things it gave us the right to establish and maintain a naval • base on Cuba. It’s called Guantanamo Bay ( or Getmo if you’re a marine) and it is still there. • The Platt Amendment • A country whose affairs are controlled by a stronger power is a • protectorate. • In 1899 rebels in The Philippines • began to fight the U.S. for their independence • In 1899, as a result of European countries developing “Spheres of Influence” in China, the U.S. • developed its • “Open Door Policy” toward China • )As a result of the imperialistic movement of strong nations toward China, a religious group known as • but were put down by a joint effort of the U.S., Japan, Great Britain, France, and • Germany • The Boxers rebelled • was the president whose slogan was, “Speak softly and carry a big stick • Theodore Roosevelt • In 1901 the U.S. gained the right to construct a canal in Central America without the help of the British • through the • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty • After a brief rebellion, ending in Panamanian independence of Colombia • The fact that we had 4 new Battle • Cruisers off the coast of Panama gave the Colombians a real liberal view toward the revolution • the U.S. gained complete • control over the Canal Zone through the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty • aside from costing $400 million to build, took a huge toll in lives because of • Yellow Fever caused by mosquitoes The Panama Canal • was, in effect, an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. This was part of Roosevelt’s • “Big Stick Diplomacy”. It told European nations if they tried to cause problems in Latin America, that • we would act as policemen for the hemisphere • The Roosevelt Corollary • The cause and eventual control of Yellow Fever and Malaria was discovered by • . William C. Gorgas • of Tuscaloosa, Al. Credit for this was originally given to Dr. Walter Reed, Gorgas’ superior officer • warned European Nations to not interfere in Latin American affairs, or the • U.S. would take military action. • The Roosevelt Corollary • In 1916 ___________took 15,000 U.S. soldiers to Mexico in pursuit of the revolutionary/bandit • Poncho Villa, after his raid on Columbus, N.M. • Gen. John J. Pershing • can all be seen as long term causes of WWI • Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and the Alliance System • )The event that sparked the outbreak of WWI was the • assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (the Crown • Prince of Austria-Hungary). • Factors that led to the U.S. entering WWI • The Zimmerman Note (a communication sent from the • German foreign minister to Mexico, stating that if the U.S. entered the war that Mexico should attack and • they would receive the land back that they lost in the Mexican War), the sinking of the Lusitania( a British • ocean liner that was sunk by a German U-boat, and had over 100 U.S. citizens aboard), and the sinking of • the Sussex( a similar situation to the Lusitania). • Three main groups of U.S. citizens objected to the U.S. entering the war • Irish-Americans didn’t care for the • idea of helping the British with anything; German-Americans feared that they might end up fighting against • relatives; and American Communists who thought the war was simply a capitalistic plot by the wealthy • Bourgeoisie to further enslave an overburdened Proletariat • Before WWI broke out, the Triple Alliance consisted of • Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary • The Triple Entente consisted of • Great Britain, France, and Russia • After the war began, the Central Powers consisted of • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the • Ottoman Empire. • The original Allied Powers consisted of • ) Great Britain, France, and Russia. Russia dropped out with the • Bolshevik Revolution and numerous countries (including the U.S. ) joined in • Probably the most fought over piece of land in the world is a small area on the FrenchGerman border • (between the Rhine and Moselle Rivers) called • Alsace-Lorraine • )The original German plan of attack was known as the • Schlieffen Plan • lasted for eleven months and saw just under one million men killed • The Battle of Verdun • saw almost 3,000,000 Americans drafted for service in WWI • The Selective Service Act of 1917 • The U.S. forces sent to Europe for the war were known as the • American Expeditionary Force or A.E.F. • The U.S. forces were commanded by • Gen. John J. “Black Jack” Pershing • )The U.S. which did not participate in a battle in the war won victories at: *2nd.Ypres; *Cantigny; • *St. Mihiel; *Belleau Wood; *Chateau Thierry; and *Meuse-Argonne • It was at *Meuse-Argonne • that Sgt. Alvin York won the Medal of Honor • , the Germans asked for an armistice or cease fire to negotiate their formal surrender • )On Nov. 11, 1918. • the Americans used the convoy system to ferry troops and machinery to Europe. 11-4 • • To avoid German U-boats were all new weapons of WWI Tanks, machine guns, and poison gas • used bond sales to help finance our involvement in WWI • The U.S.. • As a result of the growing fear of spies and sabotage • the Espionage and Sedition Act of 1918 was passed • President Wilson had developed a list of ingredients for peace called his • Fourteen Points • The formal treaty ending the war was the • Treaty of Versailles 1919 • Germany to take the entire blame for the war and to pay $33 billion in reparations • Treaty of Versailles 1919 • Wilson’s final point called for the • ) League of Nations to be created to avoid future global conflicts • The overall spirit of Wilson’s plan involved the principle of • self-determination in setting national boundaries • and all of its mistakes can easily be seen as a cause for WWII • The Treaty of Versailles • )The United States Congress voted not to ratify the • Treaty of Versailles 1919. Instead the U.S. entered • into a separate treaty with Germany in 1921. • As a result of the Treaty of Versailles 1919 • Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine and the Saar Valley • In Sinclair Lewis’ novels Babbitt and Main Street ), he takes satirical aim at middle class America • In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novels This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby • he portrays wealthy • people living hopelessly empty lives • the glorification of war in The Sun Also Rises and A Farwell to Arms • Ernest Hemingway criticized • was a growth of arts and literature in the African-American community • The Harlem Renaissance • Duke Ellington, W.C. Handy, and Count Basie were all leaders in • Jazz Age music. Handy was from • Florence, Al. and is known as “The father of the blues • were all famous Black authors of the 1920’s • Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neal Hurston • A young trumpet player of the 1920’s who rocketed to stardom was Louis Armstrong became a famous Black actor of the 1920’s Paul Robeson • sought to combat the “Red Scare” of the • 1920’s. • A. Mitchell Palmer was the Attorney General of the U.S. • In August of 1919 was appointed as head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation J. Edgar Hoover • )One of the most famous cases of the “Red Scare” era was the Sacco and Vanzetti case in Massachusetts • were known to be anarchists, favoring no government at all Sacco & Vanzetti The fear of foreigners is known as xenophobia. • was revived in the 1920’s and dominated politics in Arkansas, • California, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and many other states the Ku Klux Klan • The activities of the above group expanded to include Communists, Jewish-Americans, Catholic-Americans, • as well as African-Americans. the Ku Klux Klan • )In 1919 the UMW (United Mine Workers ) elected ___________and almost immediately • went out on strike protesting low wages and long work days John L. Lewis union president • In the 1920’s labor unions lost appeal to the public because of the fear that unions fostered communism. slogan was “A return to normalcy • Warren G. Harding’s In an attempt to avert future wars, the U.S. urged all nations to sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1929 • in 1922, was the highest ever to protect American businesses The Fordney-McCumber Tariff • set up the maximum number of people from foreign lands allowed • to enter the U.S. in a given year. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 • A prominent member of the “Ohio Gang” in Harding’s cabinet was Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall was an embarrassment to the Harding Administration The Teapot Dome Scandal • Interior Secretary Fall sold the rights to naval oil reserves • In the Teapot Dome Scandal • allowed operators of veterans hospitals to overcharge the government $250 million Charles R. Forbes After President Harding’s death Calvin Coolidge, the vice president, assumed office • As a result of the 18th. Amendment • gangsters such as Al Capone made fortunes in liquor sales. • established an enforcement bureau for controlling alcohol, and granted exceptions • The Volstead Act of 1919 • was a Protestant religious movement, in the 1920’s, grounded in a literal or nonsymbolic • interpretation of The Bible. Fundamentalism • were noted fundamentalist leaders of the 1920’s Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson • in Dayton, Tn., was fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in schools The Scope’s Trial • was opposed in the Scope’s Trial by the famous Nebraskan William Jennings Bryan • Clarence Darrow • refers to a twenties woman who was emancipated and embraced new fashion and • urban attitudes. flapper • the roles of women changed from traditional to more non-traditional, such as professional, • manufacturing, and financial roles. In the 1920’s • he helped build the New York Yankees • into the team of the century. • Known as the “Sultan of Swat” and “The Colossus of Clout Babe Ruth • were all great football coaches of the 1920’s. • Wallace Wade of the University of Alabama, Knute Rockne of Notre Dame, and Pop Warner of Stanford • Grantland Rice was the foremost sports writer of the era. • Rice was the man who gave • Alabama the nickname Crimson Tide. • Landed the Spirit of St. Louis at Le Bourget airfield in Paris, • completing the first transatlantic solo flight. Charles Lindbergh • the first female to fly across the Atlantic • Amelia Earhart • The famous silent movie star _______played the character “The Little Tramp Charlie Chaplin • The first movie released with sound was • The Jazz Singer” starring Al Jolson • In the late 1920’s industries such as textiles, steel, and railroads ceased to make profit, which led to • The Great Depression • overproduction of goods, living on credit, and uneven • distribution of wealth. • Factors which led to the Great Depression were • buying something hoping the price will go up and you can sell it at a profit Speculation • is making • investments with borrowed money Buying on margin • is known as Black Tuesday, or the day the stock market plummeted October 29, 1929 • is the most widely used barometer of the stock market’s health The Dow-Jones Industrial Average • is the world’s largest trade center for buying and selling stocks The New York Stock Exchange • made abad situation worse by placing the highest protective tariff ever on • foreign products, thereby ending U.S. products being exported. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff • The drought that hit the Great Plains in the early 1930’s was called The Dust Bowl • American society caused many people to work jobs below their former • Level of income, lose their homes, and even become hobos. • The result of the Great Depression on • In 1928 was elected President of the United States. Herbert Hoover • , along with most of his cabinet, advocated a do nothing approach to the economic problems facing • the U.S. 11-6 Herbert Hoover • Hoover also believed that people should succeed through their own efforts This is known as rugged individualism )In the 1930’s shantytowns in the U.S. were called Hoovervilles • One project in 1930 that was intended to promote growth and recovery was the building of Boulder Dam • were all pieces of legislation intended to revitalize the economy Glass-Steagall Banking Act, The Federal Home Loan Act, and The Reconstruction Finance Corporation • consisting of between 10,000 and 20,000 veterans of WWI marched on • Washington, D.C. in support of receiving the $500.00 per soldier that was supposed to be paid in 1945 • immediately. In 1932 the Bonus Army • saw Franklin D. Roosevelt elected to the U.S. Presidency The Election of 1932 • Roosevelt’s program for the recovery of the U.S. economy was The New Deal • goals of “The New Deal • Relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform • established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. It is • more commonly known as F.D.I.C. today. • The Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 • The New Deal dealt with the stock market problems by creating • The Securities and Exchange Commission • sought to raise crop prices by lowering production, which the government achieved by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of land unplanted. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA • ) put young men , aged 18 to 25, to work building roads and other • conservation related projects The Civilian Conservation Corp ( CCC • was funded with $500 million in direct relief for the needy, • half given directly and half on a basis of one federal dollar for every state dollar contributed. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration • provided money to create jobs , while building schools and other • public buildings The Public Works Administration • built 40,000 schools and paid the salaries of 50,000 teachers in rural areas )The Civil Works Administration • create the National Recovery Administration which • set prices on many products to insure fair competition. The National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 helped • reworked 5 existing and created 20 new dams on the Tennessee River, • creating jobs for the depressed area and providing needed electricity to the area The Tennessee Valley Authority • created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), which provided loans • for home mortgages. The National Housing Act were critics of Roosevelt and the New Deal • Father Charles Coughlin of Detroit, Mi., Dr. Francis Townsend of California, and Gov. Huey Long of • Louisiana • the most vocal and powerful of Roosevelt’s critics, was assassinated on the steps of the • Louisiana Capitol in 1935. Huey Long • President Roosevelt’s wife who was very involved in the New Deal. She remains • involved with politics today as Hillary Clinton claims to talk to her through a medium Eleanor Roosevelt • The John Steinbeck novel was about a Kansas family who moved to California • as migrant workers The Grapes of Wrath • Between 1935 and 1943 the _______________employed more than 8 million people, built • 850 airports, constructed or repaired 651,000 miles of road, and erected 110,000 libraries, schools, and • hospitals • Works Progress Administration • were all pieces • of legislation that dealt with labor practices • The National Labor Relations Act, The Wagner Act, and The Fair Labor Standards Act • were old-age pensions, unemployment compensation, • and aid to families with dependent children. Medicare was not added until 1965 • The original functions of the Social Security Act • Electricity was provided to isolated areas by the • Rural Electrification Administration or the REA • The first female cabinet member was • Francis Perkins, Secretary of Labor for Roosevelt • an educator who devoted herself to promoting opportunities for African• Americans. She played a big role in the New Deal. • Mary McLeod Bethune • stands for American Federation of Labor • The A.F. of L.. • stands for United Mine Workers The U.M.W • Congress of Industrial Organizations C.I.O. • directed by Orson Welles. It is supposed to be about William Randolph Hearst • The movie Citizen Kane • The civil war film offered an escape from the realities of the depression Gone With the Wind • 1937 newsreels and radio broadcasts were full of the disaster story of the German zeppelin • the Hindenburg • part of the WPA paid artists a living wage to produce public art, such as murals • for courthouses and posters. Also they ran art schools and promoted positive images of America. • The Federal Art Project • One of the most famous works of the above program was American Gothic • by Grant Wood • WPA program, the FWP, hired unemployed writers to produce guides and histories of America, • some with an ethnic or immigrant focu • Federal Writers Project • crossed the U.S. documenting everyday life through photography • Dorothea Lange • One of the main causes of WWII was the failure • The Treaty of Versailles 1919 to produce a “just and • lasting peace, as President Wilson had intended • rose to power in Italy and took the name “El Duce” or the chief. • Benito Mussolini • In 1924, after the death of V.I. Lenin • Joseph Stalin came to power in the Soviet Union (Russia • promising to raise the German people • up from the depression and back to their former position of greatness • Adolph Hitler became Chancellor of Germany • at the entook complete control of Spaind of the Spanish Civil War_______ Francisco Franco. • In 1941, an energetic leader, perfectly suited to Japan’s expansionist aims became Prime Minister of • Japan. Hideki Tojo • were all fascist leaders in Europe Adolph Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Francisco Franco • laid out his basic beliefs in Nazism in his book Mein Kampf ( My struggle Hitler • split up by the Treaty of Versailles 1919 • included Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Poland. He later invaded the Ukraine to get fuel. • Hitler’s dream to reunite the Germanic people • German means leader fuhrer. • “untermenschen” or inferior people, unfit to do more than serve his master Aryan race Hitler • Jews, Slavs, and Roms (Gypsies) would be considered to be in this group • Hitler believed that in order for Germany to thrive it needed more living space. This space was known as the • “lebensraum” or living space in German. His program to acquire this was the “Anchluss • The democratic republic that Hitler replaced was known as the ) Weimar Republic • Referring to the third great regime in German history • Hitler named his regime the Third Reich.. • Hitler predictedHe fell a little short, but since reunification • of Germany the National Socialist Workers Party has been the fastest growing political party in Germany that his regime would last one thousand years • Communism and Fascism differ mainly in • how property is owned. In Communism all property is owned • by the party, while in Fascism property is owned by party members • Japanes seeking the same type living space as the Germans attacked Manchuria In 1931 • In 1935 Hitler began to rebuild Germanys economy by producing weapons well in excess of the amounts • written into • Treaty of Versailles 1919 • In 1935 Italy began to build the new “Roman Empire” by attacking Ethiopia. • The U.S. tried to maintain a posture of neutrality • prohibiting the sales of arms to any nation • involved in an armed conflict. • U.S. Congress passed the Arms Limitation Acts in 1935 • The first break with neutrality for the U.S. came with • shipments of arms to China in 1937 • union with the takeover of Austria in February of 1938 Anschluss” • Hitler moved troops into Austria in March of 1938 to make sure ___________ • Kurt von Schuschnigg, the Austrian • Chancellor kept his word regarding Nazis in Austria’s Government • )In the spring of 1938, Hitler decided to take the ___________German speaking section of Czechoslovakia Sudetenland, • This would be Hitler’s last demand, and giving in to the • taking of the Sudetenland would insure “peace for our time”, said Chamberlain. Hitler then took the rest of • Czechoslovakia. • the Munich Pact was signed by Neville Chamberlain of Great Britain and • Edouard Daladier of France along with Hitler. • Hitler in his conquest of the Sudetenland made good use of ______________ propaganda (false or misleading information • Hitler sent troops into the rest of Czechoslovakia • And by nightfall it ceased to exist. 11-7 • Contrary to the Munich Pact, on March 15, 1939 • Why did Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with Russia on August 23,1939 • Not wanting to fight a two-front war and to attack Poland means lightning war blitzkrieg • A system of fortifications along France’s eastern border was the Maginot Line The Baltic States (Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania) fell under the control of Russia after • Germany’s • invasion of Poland • About 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated from • Dunkirk in June of 1940 • After the quick surrender of France (2 weeks • Hitler’s forces controlled northern France, while a Nazi • puppet government was set up at Vichy in the south of France • was a French general who set up a French government in exile in North Africa Charles de Gaulle • the German Air Force • Luftwaffe • Before they could • effectively carry this out they had to control the skies over England.. This was the Battle of Britain • the summer of 1940, Germany planned to invade Great Britain (Operation Sea Lion). This groups valiant efforts saved Britain from invasion • R.A.F. stands for Royal Air Force • )In May of 1940 ________became Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill • stripped Jews of their civil rights and property if they tried to emigrate • the Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht” on November 9, 1938 or the night of broken glass • saw Jewish homes and businesses • destroyed by gangs of Nazi Stormtroopers • (Sturbenfuhrers • )The German word “untermenschen” literally translates to • subhuman. This prevailing idea led Germans • to believe that they were invincible • were also considered by the Nazi ruling group to be undesirables The handicapped and Freemasons • term given to the method the Nazis used to exterminate the Jews and others The final solution • Although there were many, some of the most well known German concentration camps were at • Auschwitz(Poland), Bergen Belson(Czechoslovakia), and Ebensee(France • entered into the Tripartite Pact, they became known as the Axis Powers • Germany, Japan, and Italy • In 1940 the U.S. Congress passed the Selective Service and Training Act in • ) preparation for war • The U.S. • broke from its neutral stand and shipped arms and supplies to the Allies in Europe. • U.S. helped Great Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941 through the Lend-Lease Act • used U-boats or submarines to sink shipments of weapons from the U.S. The Germans • Japan attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii On Dec. 7, 1941 • The Japanese conquered the entire Pacific Rim with the exception of Australia. The U.S. Southern Task • Force, under Adm. Halsey stopped their insurgence at Coral Sea, just north of Australia • and remains a memorial to the service men who lost • their lives at Pearl Harbor. U.S.S. Arizona was sunk at Pearl Harbor • made a critical mistake by attacking before the aircraft carriers arrived. Some other • ships were out on routine surveillance at the time, but they hit the Pacific Fleet a heavy blow Japanese • In addition to the 5 million men who volunteered for service in WWII • the U.S. drafted another 10 million • was created to help with administrative work and nursing • On May 15, 1942 the W.A.A.C.. • The U.S. Army Chief of Staff was George Marshall • In 1942, 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry were moved from the west coast to • internment camps • The first U.S. offensive in WWII was Operation Torch in North Africa • combined forces of the U.S. under Gen. Eisenhower, and British forces under • Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery defeated the vaunted German Afrika Korp under the command of • Field Marshall Erwin Rommel (a.k.a. The Desert Fox). Operation Torch • were major battles fought in North Africa Tobruk, *Kasserine Pass, and *El Alamein • In 1941 Germany went back on its nonaggression pact by attacking the Soviet Union. This was • Operation Barbarossa( named for the famous German leader Frederick Barbarossa). • The German insurgence into the Soviet Union stalled at Moscow, and redirected south to acquire oil • from the fields in the Caucasus Mountains. The Russians have always used the • scorched earth” tactic • to defeat invaders. They destroy anything an enemy could use and retreat back into deep Russia until • the invader’s supply lines are stretched to the limit. Then they counterattack • The Germans once again stalled because of cold weather and starvation at • Stalingrad • Of the 330,000 troops Hitler sent to the Ukraine, only 91,000 survived. • After the Allies successes in North Africa and Sicily, they next attacked Italy with the main focus at • Anzio • in early 1944 • was captured and shot. His body hung in the square of Milan for a month On Apr. 28, 1945 Benito Mussolini • Next the Allies planned the liberation of France and the eventual conquest of Germany in Operation • Overlord.. This is commonly known as D-Day • The Allied invasion at Normandy included a force of nearly 3 million troopincluded a force of nearly 3 million troopss D-Day • included a force of nearly 3 million troops • was the Supreme Allied Commander of Allied forces in Europe included a force of nearly 3 million troops • The head of U.S. forces in Europe was General Omar Bradley • The main focus of the attack came from • ) General George S. Patton and his Third U.S. Army • After landing on June 6, 1944 at Normandy • it took the Allies 2 ½ months to liberate Paris • On Dec. 16,1944, the final German push came in what is known as The Bulge • was the Supreme Allied Commander of Allied forces in Europeincluded a force of nearly 3 million troops • On May 8, 1945, Gen. Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of Germany. This is known • as • V-E Day • After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese continued to invade south into the Indochina and Burma areas. • They also had designs on Australia, but were stopped at • Coral Sea, May 7, 1942 • In June of 1942, the Japanese sent an invasion force of 110 ships to attack Hawaii, but they were • intercepted and soundly beaten at * • Midway • first naval battle to be fought exclusively with aircraft was the * • Coral Sea. • joint efforts of the Army and Navy in the Pacific produced victories through their • Island Hopping • ( also called leapfrogging ) tactic of bypassing some Japanese strongholds and attacking others • was the Supreme Allied Commander of Allied forces in Europeincluded a force of nearly 3 million troops General Dwight D. Eisenhower • The U.S. used two task forces to attack the Japanese, one under • ) Admiral Chester Nimitz, and the • other under Admiral William “Bull” Halsey • U.S. Army forces made up a third unit and were under the command of Gen. Douglas McArthur • Halsey and McArthur came up through New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies with a focus on • liberating The Philippines • Nimitz’s group worked straight across the Pacific with the idea of joining Halsey at Leyte Gulf Nimitz’s group won victories at Midway, *Saipan, *IwoJima, *Guam, and *The Gilbert Islands • Halsey’s force won victories at • Guadalcanal, *The Solomon Islands, *The Coral Sea, and *Rabaul • )As the fighting grew nearer the Japanese home islands, they began to use desperate measures such as Kamikaze planes • 7,600 Americans lost their lives, but the Japanese lost 110,000 7,600 Americans lost their lives, but the Japanese lost 110,000 Okinawa • The development of the atomic bomb was code named the Manhattan Project • The bomb was developed by a team of scientists headed by Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer The first test of the weapon occurred at Alamogordo, New Mexico • Rather than risk 1,000,000 U.S. lives invading Japan, President • Harry S. Truman decided to use the bomb • Aug. 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan Aug. 9, 1945, the U.S. dropped the second bomb on Nagasaki, Japan • On Sept. 2, 1945, the surrender of Japan was signed aboard the • USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay • )In July of 1945, Truman, Churchill, and Stalin met to decide on the punishment of Germany at • Potsdam, • Germany. This where they decided to split Germany into four sectors, and each major ally would • control one sector. Eventually German split into West Germany(democratic) and East Germany(communist
