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Download Failure of post-war (WWI) efforts
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CAUSES of WORLD WAR II • Failure of post-war (WWI) efforts -Treaty of Versailles fails, League of Nations ineffective, U.S. not a member, nationalism & imperialism flow • Rise of dictators -totalitarian: govt. exercises total control • Axis Coalition -Italy & Germany & later Japan • Appeasement -GB & France give in to Axis powers in effort to keep peace Joseph Stalin • Soviet Union, 1924 • Lenin dies • Stalin transforms Russia into 3rd largest industrial power • Reign of Terror-purges 7 million (execution or camp, p.569) eliminates threats to govt. • Soviet Union a massive “police state” Joseph Stalin. Notice: Who/what groups of people are gathered around him? Adolf Hitler • Austrian, painter, WWI Veteran • 1923, wrote Mein Kempf (My Struggle) while in prison for attempting to take over the govt. • wanted Germans to defy Verseilles Treaty by rearming & reclaiming lost land • blamed minority groups, mainly Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses • believed Aryans were the “master race” NAZISM • form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s ideas about German nationalism & racial superiority • Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party • 1932 elections-Nazi party became largest party in Reichstag • 1933 Hitler made chancellor of Germany • Hitler gave himself title Der Fuhrer (the leader) • becomes president 1934 • Begins restricting freedoms When Reichstag building burns down, Hitler blames Communists. GERMAN PROPAGANDAHitler promises work for unemployed Benito Mussolini • • • • • • • • WWI Veteran 1919 forms revolutionary Fascist Party - dissatisfied WWI vets, opponents of the monarchy, Socialists & anarchists “il Duce” (the leader) Fascism- run by a strong centralized govt. & dictator, emphasizes nationalism fears communism His “blackshirts” terrorized opposition King threatened, appoints him prime minister Italy invades, conquers Ethiopia in 1936 Bitter about the way things turned out after WWI…... “Svastika”—derived from Sanskrit, means conducive to well being; an ancient symbol in ancient Mesopotamia, Christianity & Byzantine art, Mayan & other cultures of the Americas ***Today the symbol is used by Hindus & Buddhists (footprints of Buddha). 1936- Hitler & Mussolini form an alliance- The AXIS POWERS. ( Later becomes Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis & its allies) Spanish Civil War • 1936-- rebels led by General Francisco Franco attempt to take over Spain’s govt. They become known as Nationalists. • Nationalists v. ruling Republicans results in Civil War • Franco backed by Germany & Italy; Republicans backed by Soviet Union • 1939, Franco takes Madrid & becomes military dictator of Spain. Franco rules until his death in 1975. Europe on the eve of war, 1939 Germany Rearms & Expands, 1936-1939 • March, 1936– German troops enters Rhineland, a region in western Germany that the Versailles Treaty banned them from occupying. GB & France take no action. • March, 1938-- Germany took over Austria. • Hitler demands Sudetenland (region of Czechoslovakia). • Chamberlain (GB) & Daladier (France) sign Munich Pact, believing this will be Hitler’s final conquest. APPEASEMENT!! • 1939– Hitler signs secret agreement with Stalin —The Nonaggression Pact (eliminates threat of Soviet invasion from the east in exchange for territory) German Aggression, 1939-1941 War Begins • • • • • • • • Hitler wants Poland. France & GB agree to help Poland under attack Germany does not want a two front war (WWI) Stalin signs Nonaggression Pact– secretly agreeing to split Poland Sept. 1, 1939- Hitler attacks Poland, blitzkrieg! Sept. 3, 1939- GB & France declare war on Germany France protects it border with Germany—the Maginot Line. 1940- Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg Germany attacks France • British & French forces retreat to French coastal city of Dunkirk • Hundreds of thousands of soldiers were ferried to Great Britain in one of the greatest rescues in the history of warfare. Miracle at Dunkirk, May/June 1940 Luftwaffe flies over Paris. • Italy joins Germany in attack of France • June 22, 1940 France surrenders to Germany • Vichy France (south) collaborates with Germany while Germany occupies remainder of France • Gen. de Gaulle leads French Resistance movement from the safety of GB Germany fails to take Great Britain • Luftwaffe targets ports, airfields, radar installations • Germans bomb London • Brits bomb Berlin • Hitler orders massive air raids—including firebombs (chemical) • Blitz continues until May 1941 • Royal Air Force (RAF) was greatly outnumbered • In spitfires & hurricanes RAF defeated the Luftwaffe • British deciphered Hitler’s secret code & knew he would not invade without air superiority---thanks to a new invention called RADAR! • Hitler had been stopped!! Battle of Britain --Germany executes Operation SeaLion --AUGUST to SEPTEMBER 1940 1,000 planes rained over Britain --by May 1941 20,000 Londoners dead, 70,000 wounded - Winston Churchill Winston Churchill became Prime Minister in May 1940. Japan militarizes Manchurian Incident • • • • • Dissatisfaction with democracy & weaknesses in govt. leads to rise in Nationalism 1932- Japanese military invades Chinese Manchuria Japan establishes Manchukuo, a puppet state. U.S. & GB propose that Japan had broken the Kellogg-Briand Pact, but did not act. League of Nations demanded Japan withdraw from Manchuria. Japan quit League of Nations. Tojo Hideki • • • • • • • • Military dictator 1934- Japan terminates Washington Naval Treaty (builds ships) & begins conquest of Far East Jiang Jieshi & Mao Zedong locked in bitter power struggle in China unite to fight Japan. Japanese controlled cities & Chinese guerrillas dominated countryside. 1939- stalemate between China & Japan. East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere: from Manchuria in the north to the Dutch East Indies in the south. Japan wants to get rid of Europe in Asia & attain critical resources needed to industrialize, conquer China– Oil & rubber. 1940 Japan joins AXIS Powers. Japan moves into French Indochina. 1941 Japan signs a neutrality pact with Soviet Union. Japanese Empire 1942