Download Section 1- The War Begins - Waverly

Exploring American History
Unit VIII- Boom Times and Challenges
Chapter 26 – Section 1
The War Begins
The Clouds of War (03:36)
Europe after World War I
1. World War I caused the deaths of millions and the destruction of numerous
cities and farms. The European economy was in ruins.
2. The Treaty of Versailles left many European nations unhappy.
• France thought the treaty was too easy on Germany.
• Italy had been on the winning side of the war but was ignored during the
peace talks. They had hoped to gain territory.
3. Germany was most affected by the Treaty of Versailles.
• Germany gave up control of some of its land, including some important
industrial areas.
• German was forced to pay reparations to other countries, which led to a
period of severe inflation.
4. The Weimer Republic was not a strong government.
• It faced opposition from the Communists and the far right.
• The German military was greatly reduced in size and power.
Germany after WWI – 1:48
The War Begins
The Big Idea
The rise of aggressive totalitarian governments led to the
start of World War II.
Main Ideas
• During the 1930s, totalitarian governments rose to power
in Europe and Japan.
• German expansion led to the start of World War II in
Europe in 1939.
• The United States joined the war after Japan attacked
Pearl Harbor in 1941.
Main Idea 1:
During the 1930s, totalitarian governments rose to
power in Europe and Japan.
•
Several European countries moved towards totalitarianism, a political system in
which the government controls every aspect of citizens’ lives.
•
Benito Mussolini gained complete control of Italy in 1922.
1930s
Italy
•
Germany
–
Rule based on fascism, a political system in which the “state”– or government–
is seen as more important than individuals.
–
In the mid-1930s, began working to expand territory
Adolf Hitler took advantage of public anger over effects of Treaty of Versailles to
gain power.
–
A member of the National Socialist Party, or Nazis
–
Became chancellor in 1933 and seized all government power
–
Blamed others for Germany’s problems, including Jews and Communists
Benito Mussolini
• Benito Mussolini led the Italian government by 1922.
– His vision of a strong, orderly Italy was appealing
– He encouraged the use of violence against Socialists and Communists, whom
many Italians blamed for the chaos of postwar Italy.
– He gained wide support for his views.
• Angry over the Treaty of Versailles, he founded the National Fascist
Party.
• Fascism stressed the glory of the state —the rights and concerns of
individuals were of little importance.
• Established a dictatorship that allowed no other political parties
• Had total control over daily life in a totalitarian regime
Italy (00:57)
Third Reich
• Official designation for the Nazi Party's regime
in Germany from January 1933 to May 1945.
The name reflects Adolf Hitler's conception of his
expansionist regime — which he predicted would
last 1,000 years — as the presumed successor of
the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806, the First
Reich) and the German empire under the
Hohenzollern dynasty (1871-1918, the Second
Reich).
Adolf Hitler
• Adolf Hitler was an Austrian who entered German politics because he
was angry over the Treaty of Versailles.
• Joined a small political party called the National Socialists, or Nazis
• Tried to seize power in Germany by force in 1923; revolt failed and he
was sent to prison
• From prison, wrote Mein Kampf —a book that outlined his political
ideas
– Believed in the racial superiority of the German people
– Blamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems
• Hitler became Germany’s chancellor in 1933.
• Set up a totalitarian dictatorship
• Secretly began to build up the German military
Adolph Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party (02:50)
Jesse Owens and the Berlin
Olympics of 1936
• Summer Olympics in Berlin provided Hitler with an
opportunity to show the world the greatness of the German
people (The Master Race) and the inferiority of certain other
groups such as Africans.
• The U.S. Olympic team included many African American
athletes, such as Jesse Owens.
• Owens captured gold medals in the 100 and 200 meter
Dashes, the Long Jump and a relay. Living proof that
Hitler’s views on race were wrong.
• Germany did not learn the lesson of Owen’s example. Hitler
preached a message of hate, anger and false pride which would
rule in Germany.
The Soviet Union
and Japan
•
Soviet
Union
•
Japan
Joseph Stalin became dictator of the Soviet Union by 1928.
–
Communist ruler
–
Terrorized those he saw as political enemies, killing or imprisoning millions
of Soviet citizens
Group of military leaders slowly gained complete control of
government.
–
By 1930s, had more influence than the Japanese emperor
–
Wanted to build a large Japanese empire in East Asia
–
Invaded China and killed hundreds of thousands
Russia (01:15)
Japan (00:51)
1931; Japanese Aggression in Manchuria (01:53)
The Rise of Totalitarianism
• Explain – Under Fascism, which is more
important, individual’s rights or the state?
• Compare- How were the governments of
Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union
similar at the beginning of World War II?
• Evaluate – How do you think Japan’s
strong military leaders influenced the
emperor?
Main Idea 2:
German expansion led to the start of
World War II in Europe in 1939.
• Hitler dreamed of avenging Germany’s defeat
in World War I.
– Violated the Treaty of Versailles
– Rebuilt German military
– Invaded neighboring Rhineland in 1936
• Germany signed an alliance with Italy and
formed the Axis Powers.
– Japan later joined this pact.
Adolf Hitler Gains Power
The Rhineland
The Anschluss
• Germany could not
have troops in an
area of the Rhine
River valley along
the French border.
• In 1938 Hitler tried to
unite the ethnic
Germans of Austria
with those of
Germany.
• This was meant to
protect France
against a possible
German invasion.
• He tried to force the
Austrian government
to agree to Anschluss
– union with
Germany.
• Hitler sent troops
into the
Rhineland in
1936.
• France and Britain
were unwilling to
stop this.
• When the Austrian
government refused,
Hitler sent troops into
the country.
• No one stopped Hitler.
The Sudetenland
• Hitler began plans to
gain control of a
German-speaking
portion of
Czechoslovakia.
• He encouraged the
Germans in the area
to protest the Czech
government and
then threatened a
military attack.
• Neville
Chamberlain and
others allowed
Hitler to annex the
Sudetenland.
Hitler Sets His Sights on
Sudetenland
• Hitler demanded control of Sudetenland, a region of
Czechoslovakia.
• Czechs turned to allies France and Great Britain.
– Neither wanted armed conflict.
– Took appeasement approach– a policy of avoiding war with an
aggressive nation by giving in to its demands.
• Germany was given control over the Sudetenland in return
for a promise not to demand more land. Munich Pact
– Some, including British admiral Winston Churchill, were
convinced this would not stop Hitler.
Munich Pact - Appeasement
•Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain
signed the Munich Pact in Munich, Germany
on September 29, 1938.
•Hitler demanded for the secession of the
German - speaking Sudetanland of
Czechoslovakia to Germany.
•Looking for any attempt to prevent further
confrontations with Hitler, Great Britain and
France accepted Hitler’s demands. France and
Great Britain were devastated by World War I
and would be willing to do anything to avoid
more confrontation.
•With Great Britain’s and France’s acceptance,
Hitler promised not to claim any other
European territory.
•British Admiral Winston Churchill said this of the
agreement- “The government had to choose between
shame and war. They have chosen shame and they
will have war.”
Hitler on the march
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lebensraum- “Living Room”, -all people of
German blood in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and
Poland.
1938- March- Hitler invades Austria then
Sudetenland. The Czech hoped other nations
would aid them- did not happen.
Munich Conference- Chamberlain of England,
Daladier of France met with Hitler and
Mussolini at Munich, Germany. Sept. 28, 1938
they agreed to dismember Czechoslovakia and
appease Hitler. Chamberlains said, “Peace in
our time.”
November 1938- Hitler increases brutal
treatment of Jews.
March 1939- Hitler seizes rest of
Czechoslovakia- Appeasement failed.
April 7, 1939- Italy invades Albania.
Isolationists in Congress still block all of FDR
attempts to aid the allies.
World War II Begins (01:03)
Hitler Moves West
August 1939– Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact.
September 1, 1939– German forces invade Poland; World War II begins.
September 3, 1939– Britain and France, known as the Allied Powers, declare war
on Germany.
Hitler uses a blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” strategy of quick and hard attacks in
Poland; Allied Powers are not prepared.
October 1939– Germany and Soviet forces control Poland.
Spring 1940– Germany quickly conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium,
Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
June 22, 1940– France surrenders to Germany, but French resistance continues.
The Nazis Conquer Western Europe (02:02)
Blitzkrieg
• The German method of attack known as
blitzkrieg, or lightning war, was made possible
by technological advances.
• The development of tanks that could move
rapidly; the use of airplanes, bombs, and
paratroopers; and coordinated radio
communication allowed German troops to
make rapid offensive moves that overwhelmed
other European countries.
• The blitzkrieg was successful in the early years
of the war but was ineffective in later years, as
the Allies began to use tanks and planes in a
similar manner.
Miracle of Dunkirk
A major battle during World War
II which lasted from May 26 to
June 4, 1940.
A large force of British and
French soldiers were cut off in
northern France by a German
armoured advance to the Channel
coast at Calais.
Over 330,000 Allied troops
caught in the pocket were
subsequently evacuated by sea to
England in Operation Dynamo.
Operation Dynamo - May 27, 1940 (03:05)
Battle of Britain
• Hitler prepared for invasion of Britain.
• In July 1940 the Luftwaffe, or German air force,
began attacking British planes and airfields.
• In August the Luftwaffe began bombing British
cities.
• British Royal Air Force destroyed some 2,300
Luftwaffe aircraft.
– Used new technology of radar
• Hitler cancelled invasion of Britain.
The War in Great Britain (02:36)
Battle of Britain- Hitler called it “Sea Lion” (his plan to invade England)
 France had fallen so Great Britain
was standing alone against the Nazi,
Winston Churchill called “their finest
hour”.
 Hitler sent bombers to bomb British
cites during the summer and fall of
1939- the idea was to force the British
to surrender.
 Factors in the British favor
 Ultra- intercepted and decoded
Germany secret messages.
 RADAR- Radio, detecting, and
ranging- They knew when the
Germans are coming and where they
would be. They could move the small
RAF around and intercept the
German bombers.
 British still had horrible losses. Even
with Ultra- Conventry was bombed
and many died.
 Germans forced to postponed the
invasion. Loss of 2,300 aircraft- but
began to use the V-1 and V-2.
American Isolationism (02:41)
FDR and neutrality
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
FDR warned America about war and that
the US could not be a mere spectator. He
wanted quarantine, but did not get it
Pacifists- never go to war for any reason.
Isolationists- fence off the New World and
keep the war out.
5th Columnists- German agents operating
inside the United States waiting to become
active.
Nazi sympathizers- Italian and German
immigrants and American Nazi.
Defeatists- We can not possible defeat them.
(Lindbergh)
Hate England Crowd – such as the Irish.
Business as usual- businesses profiting from
the war. Arms manufacturers and bankers
profit either way.
Appeasers- Give in to Hitler’s demands
Germany Expands
• Recall – What did Hitler do that was in violation
of the Treaty of Versailles?
• Identify- What was the Sudetenland?
• Make Generalizations – What was Churchill’s
opinion of the appeasement strategy of Neville
Chamberlain?
• Elaborate- Why do you think Great Britain and
France pledged to defend Poland, but did not get
involved in Czechoslovakia?
Germany Expands
• Identify- Name eight countries that were
invaded by the Axis Powers?
• Rate – How do you think Churchill’s words
made the British people feel??
• Identify Cause and Effect- How did the
RAF finally defeat the Luftwaffe?
Main Idea 3:
The United States joined the war after Japan
attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.
• The United States opposed Hitler’s actions, but
refused to enter war.
• In 1940 President Franklin Roosevelt was
reelected.
• In 1941 Roosevelt proposed and Congress passed
the Lend-Lease Act, allowing the president to
aid any nations believed vital to U.S. defense.
– Began sending war supplies and assistance to Great
Britain, China, and other Allied countries
– Sent supplies to Soviet Union after Hitler invaded it in
June 1941
The Lend-Lease Act: America Aids Great Britain 1:36
Helping the British
• England out of cash for
Cash and Carry. With
Neutrality law in place
FDR could not help the
English and they would
surely lose the war.
• Lend-Lease- clever planwe would offer to lease
(lend) to countries whose
defense was considered
vital to the defense of the
U.S. - 1941
• British would not need
cash to get the supplies.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
• United States protested Japanese invasion of French Indochina
in July 1941.
• Japanese military leaders planned large-scale attack on
U.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
• December 7, 1941– Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor.
– Sank or damaged all of the U.S. battleships anchored at Pearl Harbor.
– More than 2,400 Americans killed
– Almost 200 airplanes destroyed
• December 8, 1941– United States declared war on Japan.
– Germany declared war on the United States.
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
Defenses
The Attack
• U.S military
planners believed
an attack on Pearl
Harbor was
possible.
• On December 7,
1941, the
Japanese attacked.
• All 8 battleships
were damaged;
4 were sunk.
• Aircraft carriers
approached the
island of Oahu.
• Nearly 200
aircraft were
destroyed.
• War planes loaded
with bombs and
torpedoes left the
carriers and
destroyed
American ships and
planes.
• Some 2,400
Americans were
dead.
• Forces at the base
were unprepared
to defend it.
• No single
commander was in
charge.
• Routine defensive
steps were not in
place.
• The attack lasted 2
hours.
The Aftermath
• Japan lost only a
handful of
submarines and
fewer than 30
planes.
“Day of Infamy”
•
•
•
•
•
The choice for the Japanese was limited in
their eyes- Give up the idea of having an
empire or go to war with the U.S.- The
military leaders of Japan choose war,
October 1941- General Hideki Tojo came
to power
“Magic”- intelligence we received from
Japan after breaking the Japanese code.
We knew they would attack, but now
where. U.S. navy forces put on alert
status.
Dec. 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor. Perfect
surprise, and the greatest military disaster
in American History- 150 American
warplanes, 8 Battleships, 3 Cruisers and 3
destroyers, 70 civilians and 2300
servicemen.
Dec. 8, 1941- FDR speech to Congress-
Dec. 7, 1941 – 4:25
Dec. 7, 1941 – 4:25
WWII- A World Conflict
Allied Goals1st- Defeat the Germans
2nd- U.S. to postpone the offensive in the Pacific and continue an
active defense.
The United States Joins the War
• Recall – Which campaign promise was
President Roosevelt unable to keep?
• Identify- What strategic program extension
did the United States make?
• Interpretation – What actions did
Roosevelt intend to take when told
Congress, “We must be in the great arsenal
of democracy”?
• Evaluate- What do you think about the
United States’ freeze on Japanese funds to
force them to withdraw?
The United States Joins the War
• Recall – Which time of day did the
Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?
• Contrast- What was the USS Arizona
in 1941, and how does it serve today?
• Rate – Why do you think the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor was considered
successful?