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Between the Wars Rise of Fascism Young Adolf Hitler • Born in Austria, 1889 An indifferent, sullen student, he dropped out of high school to work as an aspiring artist but failed to gain entrance into the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts • Left Austria to enlist in the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment during WWI. • After being injured, Hitler left the German Army in 1919 with a rank of corporal. Young Adolf Hitler • Hitler joined the German Worker's Party, which he later helped expand into the National Socialist German Workers Party, better known as the Nazis. • In 1923, made a failed attempt to seize power • Sent to prison where he wrote “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle) • Stated that Germans were “master race” of Aryans. Hitler’s Rise to Power • Economic crisis in Germany after World War I • U.S. stock market crash of 1929 • Created a climate of fear and anger that Hitler and the Nazis skillfully manipulated to gain political clout and power. Adolf Hitler at a Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg, Germany, ca. 1928 Copyright © 1999 - Hitler Historical Museum - All Rights Reserved Hitler designed the prototype of what would become the successful Beetle design for Volkswagen. He believed that all people should be able to own a car and thought that its design could allow for reliability, enjoyment, and vacation travel. Hitler’s Rise to Power • Hitler was appointed chancellor by Hindenburg in 1933. • After Hindenburg's death next year, Hitler combined the positions of president and chancellor and declared himself the "uncontested leader" of Germany. "Germans, defend yourselves, do not buy from Jews." • Hitler played on the fears of impoverished Germans by blaming Jewish people for the national economic plight. • This photograph documents the Nazi boycott of Jewish goods that was launched on April 1, 1933. Hitler’s Rise to Power • Adolf Hitler ascends the steps of Buckeberg in Germany in October 1934. Later that year, he becomes the Fuhrer . Hitler’s Third Reich • Appealed to nationalism saying that German master race would dominate Europe • Began planning to unite Germany and Austria • Formed totalitarian state • Gestapo and SS troops enforced his will • Launched large public works program • Rearmed Germany • Nazi propoganda highlighted improvements • Women’s role limited Nazism and the Churches • Martin Niemoeller: quote on Adolf Hitler • "When Hitler attacked the Jews I was not a Jew, therefore, I was not concerned. And when Hitler attacked the Catholics, I was not a Catholic, and therefore, I was not concerned. And when Hitler attacked the unions and the industrialists, I was not a member of the unions and I was not concerned. Then, Hitler attacked me and the Protestant church—and there was nobody left to be concerned." Purging German Culture Nazi gangs raided the Berlin Library and gathered "un-German" books soon to be burned. Nazi students and SA unloading "un-German" books as fuel for a book burning on May 10, 1933 in Berlin, Germany. Lebensraum* • Hitler enters the Sudetenland in 1938. • Foreshadowed his imminent power play • Largely ignored by other European powers. • (Appeasement) *Living Space What was a Jew? • The Nuremberg Laws, as they became known, did not define a "Jew" as someone with particular religious beliefs. Instead, anyone who had three or four Jewish grandparents was defined as a Jew, regardless of whether that individual identified himself or herself as a Jew or belonged to the Jewish religious community. Many Germans who had not practiced Judaism for years found themselves caught in the grip of Nazi terror. Even people with Jewish grandparents who had converted to Christianity were defined as Jews. Hitler Youth with German chancellor Adolf Hitler Fascist Allies • Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and German chancellor Adolf Hitler stand together on a reviewing stand during an official visit to occupied Yugoslavia, ca. 19401943.