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World War II – 1939-1945 • Causes • 1. Treaty of Versailles – 1919 – punished Germany for World War I • 2. Great Depression – 1929-1940 – world-wide economic problems • 3. Nationalism/Militarism • 4. Rise of totalitarianism – government has complete control • 5. Fascism– one person controls the government – Dictatorship – government is more important than individuals Europe • Italy • 1922 – Benito Mussolini becomes dictator of Italy – “Il Duce” (the leader) • Promised to bring order and prosperity to Italy • 1935 – invaded Ethiopia • Wanted to create a new Roman Empire • • • • • • • • • • • Germany Nazis – National Socialist German Workers’ Party 1923 – Adolf Hitler attempts to overthrow government – he is arrested and jailed – writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Aryan – Master Race 1932 – Hitler elected Chancellor of Germany - Der Fuhrer( the leader) Third Reich – set up dictatorship over Germany 1. Rebuilt Military 2. Began massive jobs programs 3. took back Rhineland - 1936 4. began discrimination against Jews Kristallnacht – night of broken glass – Nov. 9, 1938 Axis Leaders Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini arrested for speaking about overthrowing government Adolf Hitler as a child Hitler Artwork Hitler’s mother Klara Hitler’s father, Alois BFF”S Nazi Rally at Nuremberg in 1936 Hitler Parades Europe • 1936 – Germany and Italy formed Axis Powers – both desire more living space, resources, and power • 1938 – Germany takes over Austria • 1938-39 – Germany takes over Czechoslovakia • September 1938 – Munich Conference – • Appeasement – Neville Chamberlain Japan • • • • • • • • Japan needed natural resources, especially oil 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria in China By 1937, Japan controls most of Northern China Franklin Roosevelt cuts off the sale of metals and oil to Japan to punish them for their aggression Japan decides that America is a threat and begins planning an attack Emperor Hirohito Military Dictatorship – General Hideki Tojo Japan joins Axis Powers in 1940 Hirohito General Hideki Tojo Admiral Yamamoto War Begins • September 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland – France and England (Allied Powers) declare war on Germany (Phony War) • Winston Churchill – British Prime Minister • Blitzkrieg - lightning war • April 1940 – Denmark and Norway conquered • May-June 1940 – France conquered – England is alone • U.S. President–Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 • Lend-Lease Act - 1940 – U.S. loans weapons and supplies to England • Atlantic Charter – August 1941 • December 7, 1941 - Japanese bomb U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Arizona Memorial Mobilizing for War • 1940 – Selective Training and Service Act – First peacetime draft in US history • 15 million Americans joined military • War Production Board • Japanese-Americans – Nisei - many faced internment (imprisonment) in 1942 – over 125,000 lost their possessions and stayed in prison camps until the war is over – Executive Order 9066—Feb. 19, 1942 Women and Minorities • Women in Armed Service – WACs=Women’s Army Corps (previously WAACs=Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps) – WAVES=Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service (Navy) – WASP-Women’s Air Force Service Pilots • ~1000 women pilots logged more than 60 million miles and ferried 75% of the planes • Nurses—largest group of women in war – ~60,000; 1500 decorated for bravery; more than 200 killed in the line of duty Battles in North Africa and Europe • Battle of the Atlantic – 1940-44 – America trying to send supplies and troops to England • Battle of Britain - 1940 • Africa – fighting was for control of oil fields and Suez Canal • El Alamein – November 1942 • 1. Bernard Montgomery – British General • 2. Erwin Rommel – German General – Desert • Fox • Dwight Eisenhower – Main American commander in Europe Bernard Montgomery Erwin Rommel European Battles • Eastern Front • June 22, 1941 - Germany invades Soviet Union • Sept. 1942-February 1943 – Stalingrad turning point of the war • August 1943 – Kursk • Joseph Stalin – Dictator of Soviet Union Communism • Western Front • November 1942, Allies invade North Africa • September 1943 – Allies invade Italy • 1942-45 – Allied Bombing of Germany • June 6, 1944 – D-Day – Allies invade Germanoccupied France • December 1944 – Battle of the Bulge—last German offensive • Roosevelt dies on April 12, 1945 – Harry Truman becomes President • Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945 • Germany surrenders on May 7, 1945 (V-E Day) Battle of Stalingrad D-Day – June 6, 1944 D-Day D-Day Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge Mussolini and Mistress Eva Braun and Hitler Japanese Battles • • • • • • • • • • • Philippines – December 1941-May 1942 Chester Nimitz – American naval commander Douglas Macarthur – American Army commander Midway – June 1942 – turning point in Pacific Guadalcanal – August 1942- February 1943 Island-hopping Battle of Leyte Gulf – October 1944 Iwo Jima – February 1945 – Kamikaze (Divine Wind) Okinawa – April – June 1945 Manhattan Project—create atomic bomb August 6, 1945 – U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima – “Little Boy” • August 9, 1945 – second bomb dropped on Nagasaki – “Fat Man” • August 15, 1945 – Japan surrenders/V-J Day--Sept. 2, 1945=official surrender aboard the USS Missouri Okinawa Iwo Jima Kamikaze about to hit U.S.S. Missouri Assembly of first atomic bomb Atomic Bomb explosions • Navajo Code Talkers—kept military plans from being intercepted and decoded (Pacific Theater) used Navajo language for the 211 most used terms in the field Homefront • Rationing – “Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without” – Food (sugar, coffee) & other (gas, nylon) – Used points and coupons – Victory gardens, scrap drives • Rosie the Riveter – Around 80,000 women accepted to work in factories (~750,000 applied) Cost of the War • • • • • • 50 to 60 million dead – maybe as many as 100 million Cost between 1 to 2 trillion dollars Europe and parts of Asia devastated Europe divided between a free West and a Communist East controlled by Soviet Union – Iron Curtain United States emerges as a world superpower and leader of the free world – Soviet Union becomes main rival – Cold War NATO/Warsaw Pact – nuclear arms race – Soviet Union develops atomic weapons in 1949 • • • • • • • • Holocaust – genocide (murder) of Jews in Europe 6 million dead – two-thirds of all Jews in Europe – 11 million total Death Camps Nuremberg Trials – Nazi leaders tried for war crimes in 1945-46 – 12 executed International Military Tribunal for the Far East – war crimes trials for Japan – 720 executed Creation of United Nations Creation of Israel Marshall Plan German Concentration Camps Crematorium Auschwitz Gas Chamber at Auschwitz Auschwitz Oskar Schindler Allied Leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Harry Truman Joseph Stalin Dwight D. Eisenhower Bernard Montgomery George S. Patton Douglas Macarthur Chester Nimitz Herman Goering Heinrich Himmler Nazi Leaders Josef Goebbels Josef Mengele Adolf Eichmann German Tanks German Tiger Tank American Sherman Tank Russian T-34 Flamethrower MG-42 German MP-40 Kar-98 US machine gun M-1 BAR American B-17 bomber American P-51 Mustang American P-38 Lightning German Me-109 German Me-262 – first jet plane German V-1 buzzbomb V-2 – first guided missile