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AP European History Political Experiments of the 1920s Debate over Versailles and WWI Germans say too harsh French say too lenient Breakup of nations, new governments, create new balance of power in Europe Colonialism upset by changes - Europeans begin to lose control and dominance of trade Can all changes lead to a more peaceful Europe?. Political and Economic Challenges War Reparations and War Debt. US demands no reparations but collects on Debt New underdeveloped nations Economic instability New Economic Patterns US emerges as economic superpower Europe embraces protectionist policy Tariffs and lack of cooperation The Soviet Union Saw themselves as forging a new era in government Declares a ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ Communist Party rules (less than 1% of population) - gains full control in 1921 Lenin nationalizes banks and industries squelches mutinies and strikes - unable to put down all - allows some private enterprise with his New Economic Policy (NEP). Soviet Successors to Lenin Leon Trotsky - subordinate architect of Communist state - favored rapid industrialization - export of communism to neighboring states - left wing of Party Joseph Stalin - Communist Party General Secretary - supported slow industrialization - continuing NEP - seen as too brutal to rule - right wing of Party. Stalin Takes Control Stalin understood control of Party Nikolai Bukharin head of Pravda newspaper supports Stalin Stalin gets Trotsky removed from Party, exiled to Siberia, deported, killed in Mexico. The Soviet Model Third International (Comintern) held in Moscow Established Soviet Union as model for revolutionary Marxism Devised 21 rules for nations wanting to engage in Marxist revolution - required acknowledgement of Soviet leadership - use of name “Communist Party” Sought to end democratic socialism Created fear - drove some to right wing regimes. Italy Neglected at Versailles Embraced ‘Fascism’ - group bound together by common cause - Ex: nationhood Italian fascists - anti-democratic, antiMarxist, anti-parliamentarian - wanted to avoid party squabble - looked for strong leader - sought unified, unquestioned goals. Benito Mussolini A socialist prior to the war becomes opportunist in pursuit of control Leads ex-army group, Bands of Combat - who felt Italy cheated at Versailles Feels self-interest groups disruptive to national goals - Mussolini terrorizes Elected to Chamber of Deputies. Benito Mussolini Leads Black Shirt March on Rome King Victor Emmanuel III names Mussolini Prime Minister Gives Mussolini dictatorial power for 1 year to bring nation together - changes election laws, dissolves other parties Became known as “Il Duce”. Fascist Italy Becomes one party state Mussolini controls opposition Claimed creation of more efficient society “made the trains run on time” Lateran Accord - Settles dispute with Vatican - pays Pope for land taken, exempts from taxes - makes Catholicism official faith of Italy. Assignment: Political Forces Democracy Fascism Communism Please compare and contrast the similarities and differences of these three philosophies Please use Documents as Evidence Complete For Homework! Political Venn Diagram Communism Fascism Democracy France Legislature becomes conservative Georges Clemenceau driven from power for being too lenient on Germans at Versailles Rapid turnover in leadership after WWI. France seeks alliances to replace Russia, Britain France Forms “Little Entente” with Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia (weak alliance, little help) Germany defaults on reparations - France enters Ruhr Valley area of Germany - mining & manufacturing - to force Germans to pay - costs France to supply civilian workers & alarms British Eventually becomes more conciliatory to Germany - Aristide Briand improves relations. Britain Run by Conservative/Labour/Liberal coalition during war David Lloyd George (Liberal) continues postwar coalition until voted out in 1922 Post-war economy bad, new Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin tries protective tariffs electorate (all men over 21 and all women over 30) reject leadership. Britain Labour Party takes over under Ramsay McDonald - Liberal Party sides with Labour Labour is socialist but not like Russians, committed to democracy, not revolution Britain begins to lose control of colonial possessions. Breakup of the British Empire Already formed commonwealth with Canada and Australia - not completely independent maintain loyalty to mother country Gave Ireland (except northern counties) same status after Irish Easter Rebellion of 1916 Brits put down, execute leaders 1918 Sinn Fein elects member to Parliament, government refuses to seat them Guerilla war breaks out. Irish Independence Eamon de Valera and Michael Collins lead new rebellion - de Valera rises to president of Ireland, Collins killed by IRA 1921 British grant limited independence in Commonwealth for allegiance to crown Irish repudiate in 1932. Successor States Created after World War I - all in Eastern Europe Most remain independent between WWI and WWII - go communist after WWII Most have difficulty maintaining republic too easy to use army to settle problems Most states rural and unable to compete with industrialized nations Ethnic groups seek further splits. Europe 1914 European Changes Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Austria Yugoslavia Romania Bulgaria Greece. Poland Difficult for nation to come together that had been parts of three other nations for over 125 years Austria/Russia/Germany Wilson insisted on nationhood for Poles Military dictatorship takes over in 1926. Czechoslovakia Cooperative nation between the Czechs & Slovaks found commonality Reasonably strong economy & only successful democratic state between wars President Thomas Masaryk breaks up large estates Sudetenland within borders. Hungary Got what it wanted - separation from Austria (though they lost the war) Follows Soviet lead - Bela Kun establishes communist regime Kun ousted in favor of landowners who control legislature. Austria Political infighting keeps nation unstable until Engelbert Dollfuss takes over as Chancellor, a Christian Socialist who becomes quasi-dictator Dollfuss assassinated by Nazis who favor unification with Germany in the Anschluss. Yugoslavia and Greece Yugoslavia: Ethnic clashes between Serbs (in power) & Croats/Slovenes Fighting undermines Parliamentary government Serbs establish royal dictatorship Greece: military coups increase in parliamentary monarchy until General John Metaxas takes over. Romania and Bulgaria Romania: Liberal government until royal dictatorship emerges claims to rescue Romania from left-wing (communist) elements - King Carol II in 1930 Bulgaria: same except sooner, King Boris III in 1918. The Weimar Republic Germany: largest experiment in liberal government in inter-war years (except Soviets) Constitution enacted in city of Wiemar Germans associate government with their nondefeat - seen as imposed government - most wanted Kaiser Wilhelm back Constitution allowed small parties in Reichstag (parliament) - gave president dictatorial powers in emergency. Weimar Germany After French invade Ruhr Valley and stop German industry, economy collapses Rates of German mark to U.S. dollar conversion: 1914 - 4 to 1 1921 - 64 to 1 1923 - 800million to 1 Savings wiped out, but debts easy to pay. Adolf Hitler Austrian, studied art in Vienna Wounded in WWI, awarded Iron Cross Moved to Munich & becomes politically active Joins National Socialist German Workers Party also known as Nazi Party Advocates German -Austrian unification Adopts swastika as symbol. Nazi Party Anti-Semitic, anti-Bolshevik (anti-Marxist) Nazi Socialism comes to mean total allegiance to state - hates both conventional socialists and communists Creates SA - “Brown Shirts” stormtroopers - a paramilitary force - engages in terrorism Adolf Hitler rises to leadership. The Beer Hall Putsch Putsch - attempt coup against the government November 8, 1923 - crowd gathers at the Burgerbräukeller to hear Erich von Ludendorff, prominent WWI General, speak Hitler takes over Hitler and Ludendorff arrested & tried for treason both jailed - Hitler becomes national figure during trial. Hitler’s Plan Writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) in jail - outlines political views including plan for Germans to have “lebensraum” (living space) by conquering surrounding areas Seeks legal path to power. Gustav Stresemann Leader until death in 1929 Stops putsches of Hitler and communists Introduces new currency Dawes & Young Plan - restructures German debt. Gustav Stresemann Gustav Stressmann- Chancellor (Aug 1923-Nov 1929) Reconstructed the republic Introduced new currency Supported the crushing of Hitler’s putsch 1924- Dawes Plan Lowered reparations depending on German economy 1925- Paul von Hindenburg elected President More conservative Economy improved, foreign investing in industries Accepted some of the western Versailles settlements, but wanted to reclaim some Eastern territories 1925 Locarno Agreements Revision of Versailles Treaty - stabilized western border - France leaves Ruhr and Rhineland - eastern border un-addressed Italy and Britain vow help to the invaded Allies giving control of German affairs Germany invited to join League of Nations 1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact signed - outlawed war as an instrument of foreign policy. Locarno 1925- Locarno Agreements Established official German/French border Britain and Italy agreed to intervene if either side broke agreement German signed treaties of arbitration with Poland and the Czechs France supported Germany in League of Nations Caused spirit of optimism 1928- Kellogg- Briand Pact- renouncing war as an instrument of national policy Locarno left many major international issues unresolved.