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World War II War breaks out in Europe • Jan. 1933 Hitler PM in Germany & est. the 3rd Reich • Needs living space- lebensraum • March 1938 marches into Austria and takes it (eagerly want to be part of G) • German speaking pop. Here in & Czech. http://arcweb.sos.state.or.u s/exhibits/ww2/before/fasc ism.htm Hitler keeps moving… • Now wants the western part of Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland) • GB & France vow to protect C. • 3 leaders meet in Munich- (M. Conference) – Hitler promises this will be the LAST – GB & France give him- appease Hitler to avoid war • Chamberlain- “peace in Europe achieved” http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/ww2/before/fascism.htm Poland! • German & Russian speaking pop. • GB & F vow to protect these areas • A German invasion might bring in the Soviets too • August 1939- Stalin & Hitler sign a nonaggression pact – No war – Split Poland into 2 Invasion of Poland • Sept. 1, 1939 German invasion of Poland • Blitzkrieg – Poland falls by the end of the month • Sept. 3rd France & GB declare war on Germany Early stages of war • Maginot Line- fortifications to keep G. out • B & F wait for army-> “phony war” • Soviets take Eastern Poland & other Baltic states – Invades Finland too • Hitler – Invades Norway & Denmark (April 1940) – Better position to attack GB – May- Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg fall Hitler’s success • France falls easily June 1940 • France’s fate (3) – Germany controls N. France – Vichy gov’t in Southern France est.- a Nazi puppet gov’t – Charles de Gaulle refuses to accept this- sets up exile gov’t in GB Battle of Britain • Air raid on London- wear down the morale of the people • Hitler carries on for months (1940) • Attempting to destroy the RAF • RAF uses radar to detect German planes • Hitler finally ends attack • Churchill’s rally http://history.sandiego.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics2 /81930bg.JPG Holocaust WWII & America • Congress allows US to sell goods to F & GB • Sept. 1940- Axis powers est. – France gone & GB attacked by Hitler’s air raids • 1940 Congress approves $$ for defense • Pass a peace time draft in ’40 • 1940 FDR warns America of trouble if GB falls and that the US has to help defeat the Axis powers FDR draws closer to war • Lend-Lease Plan March 1941 • USSR relations – Lend-lease program extended to USSR when Hitler invades there • German U-Boats in Atlantic to sink US ships carrying supplies to Europe – 1941 US Navy has permission to attack U-Boats in self-defense Even closer… • Churchill & FDR secretly meet on USS Augusta – C- wants US involvement • Final result- Atlantic Charter • Joint declaration of war aims – – – – – Collective security Disarmament Self-determination Economic cooperation Freedom of seas • **basis of the United Nations • FDR waiting to go to war http://www.ssa.gov/history/pics/acharter1.j pg Japan & the Pacific • Japanese: – – – – Already controlling Manchuria Invaded China Taking E. colonial land (ex. Vietnam) Wanted to control East Asia • US Response: cut off trade with Japan (need oil!!) and attempt peace talks • Americans aware of imminent Japanese attack (code breakers) – Didn’t know the potential location – Waiting for Japan to make the 1st step towards war – Dec. 6th all peace talks end http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/ww2/images/b efore/japan.jpg Pearl Harbor • Dec. 7, 1941 Japan attacks Hawaii • 2 hours– 2, 403 killed – 1, 178 wounded • 8 battleships gone (luckily 3 aircraft carriers were out) • Dec. 7th FDR addresses Congress & asks for declaration of war – “a date which will live in infamy” http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g40000/g400 56.jpg http://www.hist ory.navy.mil/ph otos/events/wwi ipac/pearlhbr/ph -oa.htm US prepares for war • 2 wars- Europe & Pacific • 5 million volunteer, but still need the draft • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – Female volunteers in non-combat jobs – Nurses, ambulance drivers, pilots, etc. • Minorities? – – – – – – Should they fight?? 300K M-A 1 Million A-A 13k C-A 33K J-A 25K N-A http://z.about.com/d/history1900s/1/0/l/S/wwii p24.jpg Japanese Americans • Fear of another Japanese attack • 1942 evacuate J. from HI • 1942- FDR orders that all JA in CA, WA, OR, &AZ to “relocation centers” – 2/3rd Nisei • No evidence ever found, but FDR thought it was a security matter http://gainesjunction.tamu.edu/issues/vol3num1/mj ones/images/clip_image004.jpg . . . Victims of war time hysteria, these people, two-thirds of whom were United States citizens, lived a bleak and humiliating life in tar paper barracks behind barbed wire and under armed guard . . . -Sign at the Minidoka Relocation Center http://education.nebrwesleyan.edu/eisenhower/partsites/north eastpage/safarik/internmentpage.html American Workforce • Car industry focuses on war production (1942) and others follow • Many Americans working in these fields including women & minorities • Scientists organized under the OSRD – Focus on new technology – Pesticide, penicillin, radar, etc. – Manhattan Project War time! • Worries about prices increasing • Office of Price Administration (OPA) – Keep prices reasonable • War bonds – Org. drives to collect goods that could be recycled into war products • Rationing – Coupon books for scarce products for each family Time to fight! • Churchill & FDR meet for 3 weeks (Dec. 1941) to devise war strategy – Believe Germany & Italy posed a greater threat….focus on Japan after crippling Europe • Hitler tries to blockade GB- Starve them to death – Allied response- convoy system- very successful Battles • Stalingrad- Stalin urges Allies to create a 2nd front in Western Europe to relieve the Soviets – Allies not ready for thatgo to Africa instead • Leningrad • North Africa • Operation TorchEisenhower • Desert Fox • Successful by ’43 • FDR & Churchill meet in Africa to devise next stage – Italy! – Unconditional surrender VE Day! • D-Day June 6th, 1944 Operation Overlord • Battle of the Bulge • April 25th, 1945 – – – – Soviets in Berlin April 30th Hitler commits suicide Week later the 3rd Reich surrenders to Eisenhower May 8th- VE day! – April 12th FDR dies of a stroke in GA – Harry S. Truman new president Eisenhower http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/dday.h tm Utah Beach War in the Pacific • Douglas MacArthur • Japanese control Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand & most of China • March 1942 American forces leave Philippines and promise to return • April 1942 air raid on Tokyo- Doolittle’s Raid Pacific Battles • Coral Sea • Midway- turning point • Guadalcanal • Iwo Jima • Okinawa Manhattan Project • Invasion on Japan- too costly • Head of project- Leslie Groves & Robert Oppenheimer – Practice test- July 16, 1945 (NM) • Late July- Truman warns Japan to surrender (refuse!) – August 6th- Hiroshima – August 9th- Nagasaki • Sept. 2nd official surrender by the emperor Meetings of the Mind • Casablanca- FDR & Churchill – Jan. 1943 – Invade Sicily – Want unconditional surrender • Tehran- FDR, C & S – Nov. 1943 – B & A invade France & S invade Germany and eventually join Pacific war Meetings of the Mind Part II • Yalta- FDR, C, & S – – – – – Feb. 1945 Germany divided in occupation zones Free elections in E. Europe (S- controlled) S. enter Pacific War Est. of United Nations • Potsdam- S, Truman, & Attlee – July- Aug. 1945 – Warn Japan to surrender – Hold trials for Nazi leaders After the War • America – 300 K died, 800K wounded – $320 billion (10X greater than WWI) • Congress accepts the UN- Proposed by US, USSR, GB, & China • US one of the few to leave the war without substantial damage to cities • Prosperous & Powerful