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Chapter 24 World War II Aggression and Dictators • Communistic Dictatorships – Josef Stalin – Soviet Union – Totalitarian State – a nation in which a single party controls government and every aspect of people’s lives – Benito Mussolini – appointed prime minister after threatening to overthrow the gov’t • Turned Italy into a fascist state • Fascism: a political system based on militarism, extreme nationalism, and blind loyalty to the state and its leader (end to FoP and all other parties) Germany • WWI frustrations – Reparations • 1921: Adolf Hitler becomes leader of National Socialist Party (Nazi) – Form of facism – Racism at the core (Anti-Semitism) – Hitler blames Jews for loss during WWI – Great Depression = Hitler as Chancellor – Outlawed parties, secret police – Jews banned from schools, med. and law professions Japan • Militaristic state • Preached racial domination • Thought they needed more land to expand their nation Military Aggression • Aggression – a warlike act by one country against another without cause • Japan attacks China (1931) – Army acts w/o permission – League of Nations protests but does nothing – Killed 250K+ • Italy Invades Ethiopia (1935) – League of Nations does nothing German Aggression • Rebuilding of military against Treaty of Versailles • Sent troops into the Rhineland • Then took over Austria • Hitler threatens to invade Czechoslovakia – Fran. and Brit. Protest – Meeting in Munich • Appeasement – a policy of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war German Aggression Cont. • Munich Pact: Hitler allowed to take over Sudetenland for not seeking any other land – Couple months later, Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia American Neutrality • Neutrality Act 1935 – Forbids the president from selling arms, making loans, or giving any form of assistance to any nation involved in a war • Good Neighbor Policy – FDR believed this would strengthen ties in Latin America – Frees Cuba – Pulls American direct influence out of Latin America War in Europe • Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland – Nazi-Soviet Pact • Poland split between the two • Surprises the World – WHY? • Stalin invades Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia • France and Britain declare war on Germany • April 1940: Denmark and Norway fall to Germany War cont. • Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium fall in May • 6 weeks later, France surrenders • Battle of Britain – Bombing raids by Germany – Germany tries to invade Britain • June 22, 1941: Hitler invades Soviet Union The United States goes to WAR!!! Congressional Sympathies • Lend-Lease Act – Favored by most Americans – WHY? – Better than Supplies for Cash – Help anyone fighting Nazis • Military Buildup – Cong. Approves more Mil. Spending – Peacetime draft – Af. Am. Mil. Units Atlantic Charter • Roosevelt and Churchill • Neither nation would seek territorial gain • All people will have right to choose own government • New international organization Events leading to War • Japan invades Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam • Roosevelt bans metal trade and oil trade with Japan • So………….. Pearl Harbor “Day of Infamy” http://www.archive.org/details/FranklinDela noRooseveltDayOfInfamySpeech The War (Eur. Theatre) • 9 countries (Axis Powers) vs. 50 countries (Allied Powers) • Total War: conflict utilizing more than just armed forces • Eastern Front: – Soviet Winter – Stalingrad is held – Ends with Soviet victory in Stalingrad The War (Eur. Theatre) • Southern Front: – Rommel swept across Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt – Eventually stopped and caused to retreat by the British – Gen. Eisenhower occupies Morocco and Algeria The War (Pac. Theatre) • Japan takes over Philippines and forces MacArthur to retreat • MacArthur is given command of entire Pacific forces • Bataan Death March – 70K American and Pilipino – 65 mile march The War (Pac. Theatre) • The Turning Points of the War: – Battle of Coral Sea • US keeps Japan from New Guinea • New style of naval warfare – Battle of Midway • Americans destroy 4 carriers, 322 aircraft The Domestic War • Building the Military – Draft • 15 million volunteers and draftees – Women • Nurses, pilots, secretaries Domestic Actions • Economy – War Production Board • Output is doubled • Required Support – Food, clothing, and equipment donated – Victory gardens – War bonds • Rationing: limits on scarce goods – Use of coupons – Coffee, sugar, meat, shoes, gasoline, tires Women in Industry • • • • • What types of Jobs would be open? Furnace tenders, welders, crane operators Women gain confidence How does this affect their future? Rosie the Riveter – What makes her so important? Japanese Americans • Intern-temporarily imprison • Exec. Order 9066 – Any proof? – 110K Japanese placed in camps – “take what you can” – Some were given $ upon release – Formal apology in 1990 • 442nd Nisei Regimental Combat Team – Most decorated unit in United States history Others in Crisis • German and Italian Americans were also placed into internment camps – Curfews – Travel restrictions African Americans • Injustice in Industry and Military • A Philip Randolph – head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters – Threatened mass protest unless Roosevelt did something – Fair Employment Practices Committee Mexican Americans • Braceros - Mexican laborers – Mexican/American agreement Conclusion of the War • Italy Surrenders • D-Day (June 6, 1944) – Invasion of Normandy – 155K troops – August 1944: Paris is liberated Battle of the Bulge • German counterattack in Belgium • Germany is short of supplies and troops – Reasons? Invasion of Germany • • • • • January 1945: Soviets enter Germany April 12, 1945: FDR dies from a stroke Harry S Truman becomes President April 16: Soviets begin attacking Berlin April 30: Hitler commits suicide Holocaust • Hitler – “the final solution to the Jewish problem” • Genocide: the deliberate attempt to wipe out an entire nation or group of people • Other groups: Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, and people with physical and mental disabilities • Death Camps: Gas Chambers, torture, medical experiments Pacific Theatre • Battle of Midway – Last Japanese offensive • Island hopping: Am. Forces capture one Japanese-controlled island at a time • Navaho are key to success • Casualties – 14k in Philippines – 6k in Iwo Jima – 12k in Okinawa Issues • • • • Japanese willingness to die Kamikaze - suicide pilots A-Bomb tested in N. Mexico Truman advised that invasion may cost ½ million lives Results • August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima – Killed 130k instantly • August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki – Killed 35K instantly • August 14, 1945 – V-J Day – Formal surrender September 2, 1945 on USS Missouri