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WWII Changes & Problems in Governing Europe After WWI Europe’s Influence Loss of dominance in world affairs Japan, US in better financial shape Europe drained of resources New Democracies 1914-1918 Euro’s last absolute rulers overthrown New democracies were unstable – Little experience – Fr. & Italy- inefficiency due to too many political parties (majority) – Coalition govt.- temporary alliance to achieve majority Why Dawes Plan? Germany defaults on reparations – France takes Ruhr France demands gold, not inflated dollars 1924 Dawes Plan Helped Germany recover from inflation – Strengthen economy – $200 mil loan from US – Realistic schedule for reparations 1929 factories returned to 1913 levels Treaties Bring Hope Ger. & Fr. Foreign Ministers G. Stresemann & A. Briand- undo worst features of Treaty – Locarno Treaty- Fr. & Ger. Not go to war, Ger. Respected Belgian and French borders, Ger. Admitted into League Treaties Bring Hope Kellogg-Briand Pact- war renounced – Signed by almost every country – No way to enforce- League had no power American economy basis of Euro economy Weimar Republic Weimar Republic Est. 1919 Weak- no democratic experience 7 major political parties WWI defeat associated w/ govt. Inflation- during war money printed as needed Only mistake= losing war Technology Makes World Smaller Automobile Wartime improvements- electric fuel pumps & starters, air-filled tires, powerful engines Look of car improved Air Travel 1918 planes fly 100’s miles – Use for airmail 1927 Lindbergh- 1st nonstop solo transatlantic flight 1930’s passenger airlines – Only for rich Earhart- 1st women to cross Atlantic Radio WWI led to push for development of wireless radio – Research given high priority 1920- 1st commercial radio station 1925 Radio was $25 Changes in Society New Individual Freedoms Break from tradition – Consider new ideas Why: WWI interrupted social patterns & customs – Young people more willing to change Women Work in WWI brings suffrage Most still followed tradition Some followed new lifestyle – Women equal partners w/ husband Women in medicine, education, journalism Art Reflects Social Doubts Horrors of WWI reflected TS Eliot- world drained of hope – “The Wasteland” F. Kafka- people caught in circumstances they could not understand or escape J. Joyce- break from traditional sentence structure Art Reflects Social Doubts Surrealists- influenced by Freud’s ideas on unconscious mind – Freud- behavior explained using past experiences American Culture Spreads WWI proved US economic, political, cultural power Distinct contribution= jazz – Phonograph & radio spread Harlem Renaissance- African American arts Motion pictures– 90% came from Hollywood Social Patterns Children raised differently – Strong father, loving mother – Freud’s Oedipus Complex – Parents began to take on both roles Education less strict – Girls and boys- same schools Effects of the Great Depression Causes: Overproduction & underconsumption Plight of farmers – Wartime production levels = Surplus Speculation in Stock – Wall Street losses- economic & psychological consequences • Doubt, fear replace optimism Britain Severely hurt- relied on foreign trade 1931 Coalition cabinet elected (National Govt.) – High protective tariff – Regulate currency – Increase taxes – Lower interest (production) Britain 1937 unemployment rate cut in half – Production at 1929 levels Mood of discouragement persists France 1930 still agricultural – Less dependent on foreign trade – Less impacted by Depression Radicals wanted to end democracy and est. dictatorship – Popular Front- moderates, socialists, communists France Popular Front- pay increases, reforms for workers – Unemployment remains high Fascism Fascism People lost faith during Great Depression Fascist promises: – Revive economy – Restore National Pride – Punish those responsible for economic hard time Fascism Ideology stressing nationalism Interests of the state more important than the individual Power held by single leader or small group of party members Reaction against Communism – People more loyal to social class not nation Enemy= Communism Similarities Differences Dictatorial one Fascism- no man rule classless society – Aristocrats, Individuals industrialist denied rights Supremacy of CommunismDictatorship of state the Proletariat – internationalist Italians Turn to Fascism After WWI Italians felt defeated – War causalities – Did not gain land promised Food shortages, rising prices, unemployment, business failures Peasants seize land,workers revolt Socialist, Communists groups emerge – Another Bolshevik revolution? Benito Mussolini Teacher of Fascism Hitler’s teacher Named Fascism- root Roman Fasces – Ax- symbol of power Becomes Il Duce- leader of Italy Benito Mussolini Initially a Socialist WWI organized Fascist party Wanted to bring back glory and military strength of ancient Rome Revive economy 1922 Appointed PM by Victor Emmanuel II (legal) Mussolini’s Support Business owners Middleclass Govt. officials Soldiers Landowners War Veterans – End strikes – End workers’ political power Mussolini’s Policies Democracy weak – Dictatorship est. (no political parties) – Use of secret police, censorship All production into nationwide “syndicates” (State Corps) – Organized like corporations – Controlled wages, prices, working hours (command capitalism) Farmers urged to use modern methods Policies continued… It became harder to leave country Single men taxed Jobs for women limited Building families encouraged Fascist States Italy (Mussolini) Germany (Hitler) Japan (Tojo) Spain (Franco) – until 1970’s Rise of Hitler Weimar Republic Created 1919-under Stresselman Republican constitution Parliamentary govt. – Germans had little experience with democracy – Democracy seen as weak – Germans used to strict rule Weimar Opposition Opposed by left and right Communists wanted govt. like Russia German nationalists, military, landowners, opposed govt. Industrialists feared govt. takeover of industry People felt Republic betrayed them by urging peace Hitler’s Beginnings Born Austria, 1889 Adolph Snickelgrupper HS dropout – Study art in Vienna Vienna- Jews among intellectual, financial leaders – Beginning of hatred for Jews Hitler Emerges… Served for Germany during WWIwon Iron Cross – Wanted to overturn Treaty Began as govt. spy (on Nazis) 1920’s Helped Organized the Nazis NAZI Army of Brown Shirts SA 1923 Failed Beer Hall Putsch – Take over Bavarian govt. – Hitler put in jail, writes Mein Kampf Mein Kampf Dictated to Rudolf Hess Outline of political views Themes: – Racism (Jews were reason for German problems) – Nationalism (Aryans were master race, lebenstraum) Released from jail in 9 months Why Hitler? Economic crisis – People out of work – Hunger – Insecurity – Restlessness Hitler gave people: – Enemy to hate – Cause to fight for Hitler Gains Support Used violence and speeches Less wealthy- Hitler would protect them from large industrialists, Communists Unemployed-Hitler’s private army – Food, clothing, shelter, cause Industrialists, bankers, landowners- liked stand against Communists, promise to rebuild Germany Hitler Gains Power Jan. 30, 1933 Hitler made chancellor by Hindenburg – Hoped to contain the Nazis Feb. 27, 1933- Dutch communist Martinus van der Lubbe set fire to Reichstag March 1933 Reichstag elections Nazi’s win 43% of vote – Reichstag passes Enabling ActHitler given dictatorial power Hitler’s Early Policies Trade unions banned Political parties eliminated Army and secret police – Brown Shirts (SA)- Hitler’s personal army (early 1920’s) – Gestapo- secret state police – SS-Hitler’s body guard (1925) Early Policies cont… Nuremberg LawsAnti-Semitism- became official govt. policy Jews lost citizenship 1933- Jews forbidden from holding govt. jobs or owning businesses Not flu flag, write, teach, bankers Night of Long Knives June 30, 1934 SS ordered to eliminate any threats within the party As many as 1,000 killed Violence shocked people into obediance Kristallnacht Night of broken glass Cause: young Jew killed German diplomat in Paris Nov 9-10, 1938- Nazis set fire to synagogues in Germany, Austria, Sudetenland – Jewish home and stores looted – Many Jews killed or wounded, 1000’s arrested – Result- 1000’s of Jews flee Nazi’s Rebuild Economy Businesses aided – Public works programs – Arms industry secretly revived Unemployment rate of 6 million reduced to 0 Propaganda used to increase support Eastern Europe Democracies give way to authoritarianism Authoritarianism- political system stressing obedience to authority No tradition of democracy – Countries lacked business and professional people (backbone of democracy) Post-war problems blamed on democracy 59 Days Checks Sprite Timelines Thursday Picture Essay Compare Social Darwinism to Marx Nature of French and German Youth Economic comparison of France and the Netherlands Italy and Germany’s March to War Fascist Aggression Italian Expansion – Mussolini builds army – 1935 Ethiopia invaded • League of Nations denounces action and urges boycott of arms to Italy Spanish Civil War Republican govt. replaced monarch 2 sides: (war between ideologies) – Falangists (Fascists) under Franco – Republicans (anti-Fascists) Hitler and Mussolini aid Fascists Stalin and volunteers from US, France, England aid Republicans 1939- Franco becomes dictator Fascist Aggression German rearmament and expansion (Turning Point) – Weimar Govt. tried to change treaty through diplomacy – Hitler vows to destroy treatyrebuilds military – 1936 Rhineland remilitarized – Hitler believed no action would be taken • GB and France condemn, but take no action 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis Hitler’s strength leads to agreement w/ Mussolini Europe come to rotate around them Appeasement Giving into other’s demands in order to avoid conflict Followed by GB and France towards Germany After WWI people wanted peace at any price (ignored Hitler’s advances) GB cut military spending- focus on economy Why Appeasement? France needed help of GB to take on Hitler Many in GB believed Treaty of Versailles was too harsh Many in GB believed Stalin and Communism was more of a threat than Hitler German Advances Result of appeasement- Hitler continues to enlarge German territory Self-determination- Bring German speaking together in Third Reich 1938 Anschluss- Union of Germany and Austria (Austria threatened with use of force) Czechoslovakia- Hitler wanted the Sudetenland Munich Peace Agreement Issue= Sudetenland (3 million Germans live here) Mussolini, Chamberlain, Daladier meet with Hitler – Give Hitler Sudetenland if he would stop expansion – Student becomes teacher Result- Hitler not satisfied and takes all of Czechoslovakia – Chamberlain “Peace in our time” Beginning of War for Germany The Coming War March 1939- Germany turn to Poland to recover Polish Corridor – Hitler demands port of Danzig, RR’s and highways through the corridor to East Prussia Poland refuses demands – France and GB give support The Coming War August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact– Distrust between France, GB, Russia prevented alliance – Soviet Union agreed to let Germany invade Poland in return for land in Eastern Europe The War Begins Sept. 1, 1939- Germany invades Poland Sept. 4, 1939- GB and France declare war on Germany ***WWII BEGINS*** The Sides Allies Axis – England – Germany – France – Austria – Poland – Italy – Later USA – USSR – Later USSR – Japan Blitzkrieg in Eastern Europe Blitzkrieg- German style of warfare consisting of quick, concentrated attacks on land and sea (reaction against WWI) Sept. 27, 1939- Poland surrenders – Hitler and Stalin divide Poland USSR sets up bases in Baltic States for invasion of Finland Blitzkrieg in Western Europe “Phony War”- No real fighting in winter of 1939-1940 1940 Germans begin advances in Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg France establishes the Maginot Line- heavily defended forts along German, French border State Social Science Standard Yesterday 10.8.2 Understand the role of appeasement, nonintervention (isolationism), and the domestic distractions in Europe and the United States prior to the outbreak of World War II. Today 10.8.3 Identify and locate the Allied and Axis powers on a map and discuss the major turning points of the war, the principal theaters of conflict, key strategic decisions, and the resulting war conferences and political resolutions. ESLRS Aztecs Are ABLE A = Informed Choices B = Societal Norms L = Resolve Problems E = Listening Speaking Analyze Character Traits Respect Compassion Justice Invasion of France Maginot Line Germany attacks through Belgium – Divides the Allies (Paris and coast) – Dunkirk- 300,000 Allies retreat, all available vessels sent to rescue troops Mistake # 1 – **GB united and inspired against Hitler** – Germans continue through France France is Conquered June 10, 1940- Mussolini declares war on France June 14- Germans march on Paris – France surrenders to save Paris from destruction French sign armistice where Germany surrendered WWI – Germany occupied N. France – Puppet Govt. est in S. France= Vichy Govt. (Petain’s govt.) French Resistance Free French Led by C. de Gaulle Secret, underground resistance Britain Holds Out Winston Churchill (PM)refuses to give in to Hitler Aug 8, 1940- Battle of Britain Operation Sea Lion Destroy RAF Control Air/Cross Channel British Bomb Berlin Hitler Turns to Cities Battle of Britain “Blitz”- Britain bombed day and night RAF aided by radar- used to spot enemy aircraft Allies broke German secret code RAF Rebuilds Battle of Britain Hitler Gives Up Mistake # 2 “ Never Have so Few done so much for so many” Napoleon Phillip II Eastern Front Invasion of USSR June 22 1941 Hitler invades Why USSR? – Hates Communism – Land for German settlers – Grain for Germans – Oil, coal, iron ore for war effort No Longer 2 Front Napoleon Seize of Leningrad Russia initially devastated 2 year siege, 3 million trapped – 1 million die of disease and starvation – First year: 2.5 million soldiers lost “Scorched-earth”- withdraw from Germans destroying fields and equipment Winter helps Russians wintroops from Siberia arrive Battle of Stalin grad Spring/Summer 1942 Strategic city in terms of northsouth transportation August 600 planes bomb city – 40,000 Russians killed – Russians refuse to surrender But Do leave a dead city The Tide Turns Marshal Zhukov plans counterattack – Encircle German army-Stalin grad Hitler refuses to let Germans surrender Mistake # 3 **Turning point in Eastern Europe** – Soviets begin push toward Berlin North African Campaign First year of war- Mussolini works to est. control of Mediterranean Libya (Italian colony) unsuccessfully invades Egypt trying to take control of Suez Canal (from GB) Germany sends Afrika Corps led by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel to protect Libya Africa cont… Rommel battles GB for more than a year 1942 GB sends Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery to block Rommel’s advance to the Suez – El Alamein- retreating GB begins counterattack – Rommel driven from Africa – First major British victory Results in Africa May 1943- Allies held all N. Africa Allies control Suez Canal Africa would serve as a base to launch attacks into Southern Europe Europe Under Hitler Size of Hitler’s Empire – Atlantic to USSR – Norway to North Africa Victories for the Allies End of 1942- Allies on offensive in Asia and Europe North Africa Italy attacked from North Africa July 1943- GB, US land in Sicily, later in month Mussolini overthrown Germany remains in Italy Invasion of France Gen. Eisenhower leads Allies across English Channel Second Front to Help Russia Operation Overlord June 6, 1944 D-Day- Allies land in Normandy Invasion of France – 150,000 landed at 5 beaches – Omaha, Juno, Sword- major – Germans caught off guard – 1 million Allied troops in France within month – End of August- Paris freed – Free French join Allies Defeat of Germany Fall 1944 Germans hopeless – Soviets on East – US, GB on West 57 Days Checks Questions on Friday’s Essays? Battle of the Bulge Mid Dec. 1944 Germans attack US soldiers at German border near Belgium, Luxembourg Germans break through lines US holds key towns and roads Germans halt offensive- ran out of gas, unable to crush US The End Jan. 1945- Allies take German gains April 1945- US and Soviet troops meet in Eastern Europe April 30,1945- Hitler commits suicide in underground quarters in Berlin May 8, 1945 VE Day- Germany surrenders unconditionally WWII’s Aftermath Most costly war in human history – 50 million dead – 10 million die in concentration camps – Homeless refugees – Vast areas of destruction Germans and their Conquered Germans took food, weapons, and art from conquered Labor demanded from conquered – 7 million sent to labor camps in Germany • Died of disease, hunger, exhaustion – 5 million Russians taken • 3.5 million died The Holocaust Reinhard Heydrich- Himmler’s deputy and chief planner of Nazi program to rid Europe of Jews – “The Final Solution to the Jewish problem”- genocide Holocaust- systematic murder of European Jews – Jews rounded up, put in cattle cars and sent to death camps Life in Death Camps Methods of killing: – Gas chambers, torture, starvation, beatings Medical experiments 6 million Jews killed Auschwitz (Poland)- 2 million died here Resistance Movements Nazis did meet opposition – Hit and run attacks on German forces – Strikes, blowing up factories, underground newspapers, relaying info to Allies, rescuing prisoners – “Govts. in exile”- govts. fled occupied countries – Citizens escaped and joined GB War Crime Trials Nazi leaders arrested and charged with “crimes against humanity” Nuremberg Trials- Nov. 1945 – World learned of Nazi horrors – ½ of officers tried were sentenced to death – Japanese officers also tried Postwar Europe Allies held 3 summits (meetings between top govt. officials) during the war – Tehran, Iran – Yalta, USSR – Potsdam, Germany Tehran Conference Nov. 1943 Present- Churchill, Stalin, FDR – “Big Three” Plan- discuss war strategy for Europe – Normandy invasion planned Yalta Feb 1945 the “Big Three” meet Stalin agrees to free elections in Soviet occupied Eastern Europe – Puppet govts. had already been est. Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan when Germany defeated (for land in Asia) United Nations developed Division of Germany into temporary occupation zones Potsdam July 1945 Present- Stalin, Churchill, and Truman Stalin refuses to hold free elections – It would be “anti-Soviet” Disagreements over Eastern Europe would split Allies – Raise fears of another world war