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Europe WW II
Between the Wars
Rise of the Axis
1919 – 1945
Western and Eastern Fronts
Between the Wars
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1921 Washington Naval Conference
-4-Power Treaty US UK FR JAP –
Status Quo of the Pacific
-9-Power Treaty Maintain Open Door
China
-5-Power Treaty US=5 UK=5 JAP=3
FR=1.75 IT = 1.75
1925 Locrano Treaty established
Germany
Between the Wars

1928 – The Kellog –Braind Pact
• Anti -war treaty designed to disarm the
world and to control future arms races –
it reviewed the 1921 agreements
1929 Great Depression – starts in the U.S
spreads to Europe German is it the
hardest
1931
Both Germany and the Soviet Union join
the League of Nations
Conditions in Europe and U.S.
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France
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England
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Russia
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UnitedStates
Ideology Fascism

A political philosophy, movement, or
regime that exalts nation and often
race above the individual and that
stands for a centralized autocratic
government headed by a dictatorial
leader, severe economic and social
regimentation, and forcible
suppression of opposition. Promotes
extreme nationalism
Ideology Socialism

A political theory that advocates
collective or governmental ownership
and administration of the means of
production and distribution of goodsno private property-means of
production are controlled by the
state – the transition between
capitalism and communism.
Promotes world conquest nationalism
does not exist
Why Benito Mussolini

The birth of
Fascism (extreme
nationalism) In the
1920 as a result of
economic
depression –
political instability
and the results of
WW
Why Benito Mussolini

1919 and 1920 there were a lot of
agricultural strikes that terrified the
middle class and the industrial class – the
groups in which Mussolini appealed to the
most – By 1922 he had gained enough
support and his BLACK SHIRT army was
strong enough that he threatened to
march on Rome – Fearful of an overthrow
Victor Emanuel III abdicated and gave
power to Mussolini – he began his fascist
state – individual rights were not to come
before the loyalty to the nation of Italy-
Benito Mussolini
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His goal was to create a new Italy or a
new ROME to once again bring civilization
to the world – he hoped to create a nation
of hard workers who were physically fit –
intellectually sharp – disciplined and
intellectually sharp.
He did manage to also– major economic
reforms-Built railroads and created jobs
And he fed the people –
Women were expected to stay home and
cook and have babies.
Hitler

At 6:30 p.m. on the evening of April
20, 1889, he was born in the small
Austrian village of Braunau Am Inn
just across the border from German
Bavaria. Adolph Hitler would one day
lead a movement that placed
supreme importance on a person's
family tree even making it a matter
of life and death.
Why Hitler
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Clause 231 – and the
war debt
High unemployment
and the nation was in
a state of depression
Powerful speaker –
CULT OF
PERSONALITY
Fascist -- extreme
nationalism
WHY Hitler

The Nazis won their support primarily
from the lower middle class and the
peasantry. These voters were strongly
nationalistic in their political views and
feared that the depression would deprive
them of their standard of living. The
conservative upper classes generally
regarded Hitler as an uneducated
demagogue and gutter politician.
National Socialism according to
the NAZI

We are enemies of cowardly pacifism
because we recognize that according to the
laws of nature, struggle is the father of all
things. We are enemies of democracy
because we recognize that an individual
genius represents at all times the best in his
people and that he should be the leader.
Numbers can never direct the destiny of a
people. Only genius can do this. We are the
deadly enemies of internationalism because
nature teaches us that the purity of race and
the authority of the leader alone are able to
lead a nation to victory
Hitler’s Tools
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1. Long-term
bitterness Treaty of
Versailles
2. Ineffective
Constitution
3. Money from
backers inc –
Thyssen/ Krupp/IG
Faben/ Skoda/ Henry
Ford/ Irenee du Pont
4.Propaganda –
blames the
Communists/Jews
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5. Programme appeals
to many Germans
6. Attacks on other
parties
7. Personal qualities –
brilliant speaker/
great organizer/
determined
8. Economic
Depression – makes
Germans desperate
Why Hitler
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Born in Austria 1889
Received Iron Cross for bravery in
WW I
1920 leader of the NSDAP = NAZI
party
1923 attempted a putsch in Munich
and was arrested wrote mien kampf
from prison in 1 year out of a 20
Year sentence
Mein Kampf

German people were
of the highest racial
purity and those
destined to be the
master race according
to Hitler. To maintain
that purity, it was
necessary to avoid
intermarriage with
subhuman races such
as Jews and Slavs”
NAZI PARTY
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Late 1920 Nazi party has little power in
German politics – the Depression of the
1930’s would change that
Unemployment rose 2.25 million or 25%
of the labor force 1 in 4 was out of work
This was the hardest hit industrial country
by the depression
1930 The Nazi party gained 107 seats in
the Reichstag
1932 Nazi party was the largest party in
the German Govt controlling 14.5 million
votes of only 35 million voters
Rise of Hitler


On January 30,
1933 Hindenburg
made Hitler
Chancellor. He
thought he could
control Hitler
In the end,
Hitler did not TAKE
power – he was
given it.
HITLER as Chancellor

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From 1933 – 1936 Hitler and the Nazi
party rebuilt the German Economy –
provided thousands of jobs – Massive road
and public works were built – Science
research expanded – military and raw
material resources were horded
Nazi youth camps were created which
resembled the boy scouts
Hitler as Fuhrer
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1934 he became the Fuhrer of
Germany (only 15% of the
population claimed to be Nazi )and
began to ignore the treaty of
Versailles – began to rebuild his
military –
1934 he supported the Franco forces
in the Spanish Civil War --- this was
a testing ground or the Germany
tactics the BLITZ
Prelude to War
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1937 March
Rhineland
1938 March
Anschluss
1938 Oct
Sudetenland
1938Nov
Kristallnacht
1939 March
Czechloslavkia
1939 Aug Nazi
Peace with the UK?

1938 Munich Conference – Appeasement
France and United Kingdom did not want
another war – there nations were still
recovering from the last one – Pacifist
governments were in charge – Chamberlain
the Prime minister of the UK went to Munich
and met with Hitler to insure peace in
Europe – This conference gave German the
go ahead to take over Czechoslovakia - One
year late German and the UK would be at
war with each other
Peace with the Soviets?

1939 -Non Aggression pact with Russiathis was an agreement not to fight each
other it also guaranteed the division of
Poland 2/3 to Germany once it invaded
and 1/3 to the Soviet Union once Germany
invaded. This part of the agreement was
kept secret. Both Countries however
knew war between each other was
unavoidable – this pact was a delaying
tactic for both sides
Acts of Neutrality or War
U.S.

London conference 1933 FDR
chose domestic policy over foreign
by refusing to attend Conference was
designed to stabilize all currency in
each nation at a level to begin trade
– FDR say this as a threat to
American recovery – as it would put
the dollar under control of a new
world market – Conference failed
and extreme nationalism in Europe
was born
Acts of Neutrality or War
U.S.
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Philippines and Russia
Far east was to expensive to maintain
Tidings-McDuffie Act passed – granting
Philippines independence in 1946 and a
U.S. Army but not Naval pull out. Set the
Philippines up for conquest in 1941-42
Also at the same time in 1933 FDR
announced the existence of the USSR
done to get their help in pressure on
Japan (1937 Russo/Japanese treaty)
Acts of Neutrality or War
U.S.
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Good Neighbor
U.S. would stay out of Europe
andconcentrate on protecting the Western
Hemisphere – promised non intervention
in the America’s pulled out all U.S. troops
– convinved the America’s that the Monroe
Doctrine was now a protector of them as
well and needed there help to keep the
rising power of Germany out. Announced
at the 7th Pan American conference in
Uruguay –Latin America was sold Bonds
and prospered under this.
Acts of Neutrality or War
U.S.
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Reciprocal trade Agreement Act
Created by Sec State Hull – trade is two
ways and it became a presidential
agreement so that it did not have to go
through congress (FDR was given
permission to lower tariffs by 50% new
deal) 29 nations agreed and America was
trading on the foreign market and
climbing out of depression – it lead the
way for American domination of trade
after WW II
Acts of Neutrality or War
U.S.
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1936 Neutrality Act
keep us out of foreign wars – and no
American in time of a foreign war could
sell munitions or sail on a belligerent ship
Destroyers for Bases UK 1940
Use of bases in Caribbean for 99 years to
protect Panama UK get 50 destroyers –
U.S. chose sides no longer a 19th century
gentlemen’s war
Acts of Neutrality or War
U.S.
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Lend Lease 1940
With U.K. and later Russia –
weapons would be returned at the
end of the war – like getting a used
tire back
$50 billion dollars in aid to the allies
U.S. aid to the soviets prevented the
Germans form sending supplies to
fight in the battle of Britain
Marching through Warsaw
Division of Poland
The Blitz on Poland
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
Sept 1939 Invasion
of Poland
Poland is divided
results in the
French and British
declaring war on
Germany
Advance through Belgium

Spring 1940 Blitz
on Belgium (EBEN
EMAEL)
Netherlands
Denmark and
Norway
Blitz on France 1940
MAGINOT LINE Blitz
ON FRANCE 1940
"If you entrench
yourself behind
strong fortifications,
you compel the
enemy
to seek a solution
elsewhere."
CLAUSEWITZ
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
Maginot Line
IT WORKED

The Maginot Line was built between 1929
and 1940. It was built to protect France
from her longtime enemy, Germany, and
to defend the traditional invasion routes
across her eastern frontier. The Maginot
Line was built to provide time for the
French army to mobilize and to make up
for a potentially disastrous shortfall of
manpower predicted for the late 1930s.
Most of all, it was built to provide a place
behind which the French army could hide,
a so-called "Great Wall" of France where
the nation could feel secure in its doctrine
Dunkirk 1940

A large force of
British and French
were cut off by a
German armoured
advance to the
Channel Over
330,000 Allied
troops were
evacuated by sea
Operation Dynamo

From May 22 preparations for the
evacuation began, codenamed operation
Dynamo, commanded from Dover by ViceAdmiral Ramsay. He called for as many
naval vessels as possible as well as every
ship capable of carrying 1,000 men within
reach. It initially was intended to recover
around 45,000 men of the British Army
over two days, this was soon stretched to
120,000 men over five days. On May 27 a
request was placed to civilians to provide
all shallow draught vessels of 30 to 100
feet (9 to 30 m) for the operation,
Operation Sea Lion


1941Operation Sea Lon A plan similar to
Napoleon’s a century earlier – the Battle of
Britain – Germany’s attempt to invade Great
Britain and the first real test of Prime
Minister Winston Churchill who replaced
Chamberlain
The Battle of Britain was fought entirely in
the air over England and the English
Channel – the Use of the newly invented
Radar by the British enabled the smaller Raf
to defeat the German Luftwaffa – thus
successfully preventing Germany from
invading England
German Plane downed over UK
Battle over London 1940
Aircraft in the Battle of Britain
Operation Barbarossa

This was a direct
violation of the Non
aggression Pact (Hitler
followed the same
invasion plan as
Napoleon depart in
the spring quick
victory) destruction of
1 million Soviet troops
and 2000 Russian
aircraft it was not as
successful as it should
have been – Bailing
out the Italians in
Greece –
1942
Stalingrad and Kursk

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These were the turning point in the war in
Europe and Russia’s first victories
Stalingrad cost the Germans an entire
army The attack on Stlaingrad started
with 300,000 German troops in 1943 a
year after the battles in around Stalingrad
began 90,000 Germans surrendered of
this number, 50,000 would be killed or die
from disease in Russian POW camps
1942
Stalingrad and Kursk
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The battle for KURSK – this was the world’s
largest tank battle over a 10-mile front – 2,700
German tanks vs. 3,600 Russian tanks – it was a
Russian Victory – ½ million German casualties
and 1,500 tanks destroyed
Germany is pushed back all along the Russian
Front –Stalin begs the allies to open up a second
front in Europe (allies especially the US believe it
is to early and they are not ready to invade –
rather see the Germans and the Russians Kill
each other off
Africa


1940 –41 Germans
lead by Rommel
the Desert Fox
Conquered all of
Northern Africa
From Egypt to the
Atlantic
November 1942 US
and British troops
drive Rommel out
of Africa
Montgomery captures Tripolli
ITALY
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July 1943 Allies are in Italy By the
end of July 43 Mussolini was hanged
by his people and by Sept 43 Italy
surrendered –
the Germans in Italy continued to
fight--- Monte Casino –and its
bombing fighting thought the
mountains (Nisei Japanese American
unit 99th) by the end of 1944 Italy
belonged to the allies
1943 Landing in Sicily
Operation Overlord June
1944

After having the
Russians fight in
Europe sine 1939
the US lead allies
finally invaded
mainland Europe in
June 1944-Operation Overlord
– D Day June 6th
th
6
June 6th 1944
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Omaha Beach U.S
Utah Beach U.S
Sword Beach UK
Gold Beach UK
Juno Beach UK
Prior to landings
massive Airborne
drop
D Day June 6th 1944
D DAY PHOTOS
OPERATION MARKET
GARDEN

1944 An attempt
to break into
Germany by going
through the
Netherlands and
crossing three
rivers – required
allies to control
three bridges – on
captured two – it
failed
BASTOGNE
Crossing the Rhine

March 1945 the
last natural
obstacle to
Germany and
Berlin was crossed
at Remagden
Fall of Berlin
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April 1945 Soviets
surround Berlin
Roosevelt Dies and
Truman becomes
president
April 30th Hitler
Suicide and marriage
Eva Braun
May 2nd Germany
surrenders under
Admiral Donitz a nonNazi
Hitler’s Last public appearance
Russian’s capture Berlin