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World War II: The Rise of Dictators World History B – Seminar #7 Warm Up: 1.Totalitarian state 2. Dictator 3. Appeasement Totalitarian State: Government in which a one party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens’ lives. Dictator: Ruler who has complete control over a government Appeasement: Policy of giving in to an aggressor’s demands in order to keep the peace. After WWI In the two decades following World War I, a wave of economic and political crises swept the globe. While many people spent the 1920s trying to cope with the uncertainties of the postwar world, by 1929 they suddenly faced a much greater problem. That year, the stock market in the United States crashed. Because so many war-torn nations had come to depend on financial help from America, the stock market’s collapse triggered a worldwide economic depression that left millions around the globe jobless and hungry. In response to the turmoil, some nations turned to fascist dictators, who promised order and stability. Not content to merely rule a country, however, these dictators soon looked to conquer other lands. The Great Depression Worldwide Economic Depression Immediate Effects • Millions become unemployed worldwide. • Businesses go bankrupt. • Governments take emergency measures to protect economies. • Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy. • Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders. Long-Term Effects • Nazis take control in Germany. • Fascists come to power in other countries. • Democracies try social welfare programs. • Japan expands in East Asia. • World War II breaks out. Fascists Come to Power in Italy Textbook: page 757 • Italy in a deep financial depression after WWI • Mussolini promised order and prosperity • Introduced “fascism” • Fascism: characterized by dictatorship, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of opposition, and extreme nationalism • Used “Black Shirts” to impose his rule. • Invades Ethiopia • Makes a pact with Hitler Compare Fascism and Communism – page 760 Communism Similarities of Totalitarian Rule Fascism Compare Fascism and Communism – page 760 Communism • antidemocratic • hopes for international change • enemies of fascism • supported by urban and agricultural workers • all businesses state owned Similarities of Totalitarian Rule Fascism Compare Fascism and Communism – page 760 Communism Similarities of Totalitarian Rule Fascism • antidemocratic • antidemocratic and • hopes for international change • enemies of fascism • supported by urban and agricultural workers • all businesses state owned nationalistic • enemies of communists • supported by business leaders, wealthy landowners and middle class • all businesses individually owned but state controlled Compare Fascism and Communism – page 760 Communism Similarities of Totalitarian Rule Fascism • antidemocratic • single party dictatorship • antidemocratic and • hopes for international change • enemies of fascism • supported by urban and agricultural workers • all businesses state owned • state control of the economy • use of police spies and terror for control • strict censorship and government monopoly of the media • indoctrination of youth • unquestioning obedience to a single leader nationalistic • enemies of communists • supported by business leaders, wealthy landowners and middle class • all businesses individually owned but state controlled Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany – page 761 • Weimar Republic politically weak and unpopular • Huge inflation • Two revolutions against Weimar Republic. Once Hitler tried to seize power unsuccessfully. Went to jail. • Huge inflation and Great Depression • Hitler forms Nazi Party, promises reform, is elected as Chancellor in 1933 • Becomes dictator by 1934 Hitler’s Third Reich • Totalitarian State – Nazis controlled all. • Huge public works programs • Big business and labor under government control • Built up military • Set aside Versailles Treaty and moved military into the Rhineland • Indoctrinated the youth • Hitler despised Christianity and began to close churches • Jews were persecuted as enemies of the state Hitler’s Aggression to 1939 page 773 Events of World War II Europe March 1936 Hitler marches troops into the Rhineland April 1937 Germany attacks Guernica, Spain March 1938 Germany invades Austria September 1938 Germany invades the Sudetenland Pacific 1936 1937 1938 Events of World War II Europe March 1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia Pacific 1939 Aug. 1939 Nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union Sept. 1939 Germany invades Poland; World War II begins May 1940 Evacuation of British forces at Dunkirk June 1940 France surrenders; the Battle of Britain begins 1940 1941 December 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. US declares war on Japan. Europe at WAR The Alliance System in 1942 Allied Powers • Great Britain • France • Russia • United States Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan Ottoman Empire WWII Begins World War II began in Europe with the German blitzkrieg, or lightning war, against Poland in September of 1939. By June of 1940, Germany had conquered most of western Europe. In June of 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. On December 7, 1941, Germany’s ally, Japan, launched a surprise attack on the United States—an act that drew America into the war. Eventually, the Allies turned the tide of the conflict against Germany and Japan. In the Pacific, Allied forces won a major victory in the Battle of Midway and began to recapture territory from the Japanese. In Europe, the Soviet Union captured the German army that besieged Stalingrad in February of 1943. The Allies opened a western front in Europe by landing in Normandy in June of 1944, and the combined pressure on two fronts drove Germany to surrender in May of 1945. Two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in August forced the Japanese to surrender in September of 1945. The War in the Pacific • Late 1930s – Japan attacks China for oil resources and territory • 1940 – Japan conquers French Indochina and continues takeover of Pacific Islands. • December, 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. • US enters the war. Events of World War II Pacific Europe 1941 June 1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union Aug. 1942 Hitler orders attack on Stalingrad Nov. 1942 Allies land in North Africa Feb. 1943 Germans surrender at Stalingrad 1942 Dec. 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; U.S. declares war on Japan Apr. 1942 Allies surrender in Philippines; Bataan Death March begins May 1942 Allies turn back Japanese fleet in Battle of the Coral Sea 1943 June 1942 Allies defeat Japan in Battle of Midway Feb. 1943 Japanese abandon the island of Guadalcanal Events of World War II Pacific Europe 1944 June 1944 Allies invade Europe on D-Day Dec. 1944 Battle of the Bulge begins 1945 May 1945 Germany surrenders 1946 Oct. 1944 Allies defeat Japan in Battle of Leyte Mar. 1945 Allies capture Iwo Jima June 1945 Allies capture Okinawa Aug. 1945 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Sep. 1945 Japan surrenders • Jewish Women and Children in Belsen Concentration Camp During the advance of the 2nd Army, the huge concentration camp at Belsen was relieved. Some 60,000 civilians, mostly suffering from typhus, typhoid, and dysentry were dying in their hundreds daily, despite the frantic efforts being made by medical services rushed to the camp. The camp was declared a neutral area before allies arrived, and the allied Military Government stood to reach the camp at the earliest possible moment, only to be faced by the most indescribable scenes--60,000 people starving and without water for over six days. The camp was littered with the dead and dying, and on closer investigation, it was discovered that the huts capable of housing about 30 people in many cases were holding as many as 500. It was impossible to estimate the number of dead among them. The others were too weak to remove the bodies, so they just had to remain. The Final Solution Hiroshima and Nagasaki