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Chapters 25 & 26
The Global Crisis & WWII
The rise of totalitarian dictatorships
in Europe and Asia challenges the
U.S. policy of Neutrality
Protecting Peace
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unofficial observers at League of Nations
Oil-drilling rights in Middle East
Washington Conference(1921)
a)
Four-Power Treaty: status quo in Pacific; no
expansion by US/GB/FR/JP
b)
Five-power Naval Treaty (1922) limits on large
naval battleships and armaments
c)
Nine-Power Pact: continued open door policy in
China
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): renounced war in
principle; unenforceable; defensive wars still
admissible.
Hoover and the World Crisis
 L.A.
 Goodwill
tour
 Tried abstaining from intervention
 After several collapse of regimes = rejected
Roosevelt Corollary
 Hoover Gets the U.S. out of Haiti and
Nicaragua
 Europe
 Refused
to cancel war debts =defaulted
loans to U.S.
The London Conference 1933




International meeting to stabilize currencies and
exchange rates
Would help in world trade
America withdraws; every-man-for-himself attitude=
Increased extreme nationalism = international
cooperation difficult
Good Neighbor Policy in L.A.

Using economic influence over military influence
 Imports and exports increase 100%!
Vocabulary
1. Fascism : political philosophy that puts
nation, and often race, before the individual
a.
b.
c.
d.
lead by a dictator
allows for selective capitalism
anticommunist
government
2. Communism: Advocates one-party rule and
the elimination of private property
a. does not tolerate opposition
b. theoretically, everyone is supposed to be equal
c. has economic and political control
A Tale of Two Cows
 http://www.consultancymarketing.co.uk/
blog/humour-politics-governmentswhats-your-persuasion/
Quarantine Speech: Significance?
What’s he really trying to say?
What would Trump say?
A. The Rise of Dictators: Why?
1. Failures of Treaty of Versailles
a. Germany
i.
ii.
Blamed for war/reparations
Lost lands
b. Soviet
i.
Lost lands
c. Unrealistic expectations
for new “democracies”
i.
ii.
War debt, homelessness, unemployment =
increased dictatorships
2. Economic Depression!
1. Benito “Il Duce” Mussolini & Italy
1st Fascist gov’t
b. Exploited fears of
communism on Italy
to gain support
a.
2. Joseph Stalin: the “Man of
Steel” & the Soviet Union
a. Came into power
after Vladimir Lenin
died
b. 1922: formation of
Union of Soviet
Socialist
Republics/USSR
Stalin’s Plans con’t
c. Changed industry
and agriculture
i.
collectives: farms
under govt control
ii. “Five year plan” (x3)
1.
2.
3.
Steel production
increased by 400%
3rd largest industrial
power
Wages decreased by 43%
Magnitogorsk
Steel mill city
Stalin’s Police State
Stalin’s “Great Purge”
Gulag
Hitler & WWII
3. Fuhrer Adolf Hitler & Germany
a. Effects of
WWI on
Hitler?
b. Mein Kampf
while in prison
c. Nazism – a
form of fascism
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Nationalism
anticommunist
Racism
“lebensraum”
d. March 1933 Hitler
“elected” as
chancellor (PM)
3. Fuhrer Adolf Hitler & Germany con’t
e. Weimar Republic
replaced by the
Third Reich
f. 1934: through
corrupt elections,
becomes
president
Why was Hitler able
to get such
support?
Hitler’s Rise to Power
4. Japan
Struggled more as
a islands?
b. Military blamed
corrupt politicians
c. Invasion of
Manchuria (1931)
d. What does the
League of Nations
do?
a.
Japanese Militarists Attacks China
1931
What does the League of Nations do?
What does the U.S. do?
B. On Hitler’s terms…
1. Violates Treaty of
Versailles
a) Military buildup
b) Troops sent into
Rhineland
c) Signed Rome-Berlin
Axis Pact (1939)
d) League of Nations
response?
C. American Neutrality: America First
1. Neutrality Act of 1935

Outlawed arms sales or
loans to nations at war
or civil war
2. Neutrality Act of
1937

3.
Neutrality Act of
1939

4.
Sales of nonmilitary
supplies on a “cash-andcarry” basis only
Cash-and-carry any
supplies
Lend and Lease (1941)


No cash necessary!
Bases in Caribbean
D. The Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Agreement
between Stalin
and Hitler
Hitler’s goal: avoid
a two-front war
Secret deal:
divide Poland
between the two
countries
By June ‘41, Hitler
turns on Stalin
(Operation Barbarossa)
Munich Conference (1938)
Chamberlain, Dalider, Hitler, Mussolini
E. The Munich Crisis
1. Munich Pact
(1938)
a. “trio,” France, GB,
Germany
b. Sudentlands given
to Hitler
2. Winston
Churchill &
appeasement –
3.
4.
giving up principles
to pacify an
aggressor
What does he do
next?
Invade the rest of
Czechoslovakia
Winston Churchill; PM of GB
 Elected
in 1940
Winston Churchill
was named TIME's
Man of the Year in
1940 and 1949
"An appeaser is
one who feeds a
crocodile — hoping
it will eat him last."
— Winston
Churchill
F. Hitler Demands Danzig, Poland
1.
2.
3.
Sept. 1, 1939:
Hitler invades
Poland
Sept. 3, 1939:
France & GB
declares war on
Germany; the war
has begun!
Blitzkrieglightning war;
surprise, nonstop
attacks
Mussolini invades ____
 League
(1935)
of Nations response?
G. United States “Involvement”
1. Selective Service Act (‘40)
2. FDR’s Four Freedoms (1/’41)
Speech, Worship, from want,
from fear = democracy
3. Atlantic Charter
a.
b.
(8/’41)
Vision for postwar peace
Trade, disarmament, end
territorial seizures
Hitler’s conquests
“Phony War/Sietzkrieg”
After Poland
invasion nothing
happened for the
next few months
b. Hitler goes around
the Maginot Line
through the
Netherlands,
Belgium, and
Luxembourg
a.
The Miracle at Dunkirk (May 1940)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Allied forces trapped in
Belgium; escaped to GB
> 330,000 troops saved
For unknown reasons,
Hitler German forces to
stop
Allows Allied troops to
regroup and evacuate
Battle of Britain (July 1940)
Luftwaffe vs. Royal
Air Force (RAF)
2. Technology that
helped RAF win?
3. RADAR; could see
in the dark
4. Hitler calls off
invasion of Britain
1.
December 7, 1941
use only first clip
The Home Front
Internment of Japanese Americans
1. Executive order #9066
2. Korematsu v. United States
Double “V” Campaign
1.
2.
3.
4.
Victory at home and
abroad
Rallied for fair employment
= FDR #8802 banned
discrimination in
workplace (FEPC)
Race riots on military
bases
CORE/NNACP
a. Membership increases
b. Nonviolent, civil disobedient,
sit-ins
Native Americans
Code Talkers
Zoot-Suit Riots
Suits = defiance &
lack of patriotism
2. After riots, wearing
suits a crime in LA
3. Mex-Amer feared
internment
1.
Families in Wartime
1. Increase in:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Income
Marriages/Divorce
Delinquency
Child/health care
Turnover rates
2. End of war and
return of the men?
“The Good War”
Life at home is
good
2. Jobs plenty
3. Music, movies,
comic books ,
fashion all support
war efforts
1.
Creating the Armed Forces
Selective Service
Act 1940?
2. 50% high school
grad
3. 10% college grad
1.
Women in the Military
Women in the Military
1.
The good
a.
b.
2.
More edu
Pilots/nurses
The bad
a.
b.
c.
Men thought of
them as prostitutes
Gay
More restrictions
The Fall of France
May 10- June 25, 1940
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/
animations/wwtwo_map_fall_france/ind
ex_embed.shtml
The War in Europe The Allies remained on the defensive during the first years
of the war, but by 1943 the British and Americans, with an almost endless
supply of resources, had turned the tide.
Operation Stalingrad (July ’42 – Feb ’43*)
Natural resources,
industrial city, on
the river
2. Scorch and burn
strategy
3. Turning point for
Allies
4. Big mistake for
Hitler
1.
Soviet w/German POW
Captured of German Soldiers
Operation Torch
(Nov. ’42)
Operation Overlord/D-Day
June 6, 1944
Gen. Eisenhower with D-Day troops;
unconditional surrender!
Battle of the Bulge/Ardennes (Dec. 44-Jan.45)
1.
2.
3.
Last offensive attack by Germany
Germany never recoups
Largest # of men served/worst casualties for Allies
Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
1. Supreme
Commander of
Europe
a.
b.
c.
Operation Torch
D-Day
V-E Day
On to the Pacific!
Places of Conflict
The Pacific & Island Hopping
Battle of Midway: “payback” for P.H.
(Jun ’42)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Japan w/largest fleet
ever ensemble; 110 ship
Allies outnumbered 4/1
Japan never recovers
Safeguard Hawaii and
communications
Iwo Jima: refueling and bombing Japan
Battle of Okinawa (4/’45)
Last major battle in the pacific
b. More men than in D-Day
c. Worst US casualties in the Pacific
a.
kamikaze
74
The Last Stages of War
The Holocaust: The systematic murder
of 11 million people across Europe,
more than half of whom were Jews
Holocaust
1.
2.
3.
Nuremberg Laws
Kristallnacht: crystal night (1938)
Final solution = genocide
German Forces
Schutzstaffel (SS):
started as Hitler’s
bodyguards. (Himmler)
2. Gestapo: the Secret
State police (Goering)
1.
3.
German army
Hitler’s top men…
Goering
Commander
Luftwaffe
Himmler
Goebbels
SS Leader
Minister of
Propaganda
*Gestapo controlled concentration camps;
<half of those who died here are shown
Where can the Jews go?
(1933)
1.
Refugee problem…
a.
b.
2.
Quotas on immigrants
National Origins Act of 1929; limited
immigration to 150,000 in U.S.
U.S., depression, refugees…

How are these connected?
The Final Solution: Genocide
1.
The condemned: Jews and any other seen
as undesirable
a.
b.
c.
d.
Political opponents – communists, socialist
Religious groups
Homosexuals
Disabled; mentally, physically
2. Method
a.
b.
c.
d.
Shot in cold blood
starved ghettos
sent to labor/concentration camps
Used for medical experiments
Holocaust Victims
1939-1945
6
5
4
3
East
2
1
0
jews
soviets
poles
disabled
Concentration Camps
Jewish Ghetto
To the right, slave labor
To the left, gas chamber
Death Marches
Yalta Conference
(Feb. 4, 1945)
1.
Agreed to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
“Spheres of influence”
Membership terms for
United Nation
Stalin agrees to enter
Pacific front
Soviet troops can stay
in occupied lands but
no building of “empire”
in Eastern Europe
Division of Germany
and Berlin
Dresden (Feb. 1945)
Civilian city
2. Communication
center
3. Destroys moral and
economy
4. Luftwaffe lose
many airplanes
1.
FDR Passes away
April 12, 1945
Potsdam Conference (6/’45)
Unconditional
surrender of Japan
2. Stalin to enter Aug.
8, ‘45
1.
Truman, Attlee and Stalin
Manhattan Project:
To drop or not to drop the bomb…
1.
2.
3.
4.
No need to invade
Japan
Lives of American
troops saved
Would bring an end to
the war more rapidly
Would stop the Soviet
Union from entering
war and possibly
taking over lands in
the region
Oppenheimer
US sites important to Manhattan Project
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Nuremberg War Trials
Trials of Nazi leaders at Nuremberg, Germany