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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Lead up to World War II
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Explain how dictators and militarist regimes
arose in several countries in the 1930s.
• Summarize the actions taken by aggressive
regimes in Europe and Asia.
• Analyze the responses of Britain, France, and
the United States to the aggressive regimes.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
• totalitarianism − theory of government in which a
single party or leader controls the economic, social,
and cultural lives of its people
• Joseph Stalin − dictator and head of the
Communist Party in Russia
• Benito Mussolini − founder of the Fascist Party
and Italian dictator
• Adolf Hitler − leader of the Nazi Party in Germany
who seized power and attempted world domination
• anti-Semitic − prejudice and discrimination against
Jewish people
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
(continued)
• Spanish Civil War − Nationalist forces led by
General Francisco Franco rebelled against the
democratic Republican government of Spain
• appeasement − policy of granting concessions to a
potential enemy in the hope that it will maintain peace
• Anschluss − union in which Hitler forced Austria to
become part of Germany’s territory
• Munich Pact − agreement in which Britain and France
attempted to preserve peace by allowing Hitler to take
more territory
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Why did totalitarian states rise after
World War I, and what did they do?
World War I and the Great Depression had
devastating effects throughout the world.
In some countries, people turned to new
leaders, who would be responsible for
creating an even deadlier global conflict.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
World War I ended when Germany surrendered
to the Allies. An uneasy peace followed.
• Germans resented the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles, feeling humiliated in defeat.
• Italy and Japan were angered by the treaty,
expecting to receive more land as Allied victors.
• Worldwide depression brought despair to many
already suffering from war.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Overwhelming
problems led some
nations to turn to a
new form of
government called
totalitarianism.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Totalitarian governments developed in
several countries during the 1930s.
Country
Leader
Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin
Italy
Benito Mussolini
Germany
Adolf Hitler
Each of these countries faced economic and
political problems.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Totalitarian leaders promised to
bring jobs, food, and prosperity.
They promised to make their
countries great again.
In reality, however, the brutal tactics
used by totalitarian leaders resulted in
the deaths of millions of people.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Joseph Stalin
took control
of the Soviet
Union following
the death of
Vladimir Lenin.
• Attempted to turn the
Soviet Union into an
industrial power
• Forced people to work
in factories and on
state-run farms
• Killed or imprisoned
suspected traitors
during the Great Terror
• Ruled through fear and
massive propaganda
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Another totalitarian
regime formed in Italy.
• The government seemed
unable to deal with the
country’s many problems.
• Benito Mussolini formed the
Fascist Party.
• Mussolini and his followers,
the Black Shirts, fought to
gain power.
Mussolini, called
Il Duce, took
control of the
government,
using secret
police to
maintain
control.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In Germany, the Weimar Republic struggled with
overwhelming economic and social problems.
Adolf Hitler, the
leader of the Nazi
Party, was
appointed
chancellor.
Hitler seized power
and created a
totalitarian state.
Hitler making a speech
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Hitler rebuilt the nation’s army. His economic policies
put people back to work. Many cheered his success.
Yet Hitler
ruled with
unlimited
power.
• Controlled the press and
education system
• Used propaganda to boost his
popularity
• Used the secret police to silence
opposition and restrict freedoms
Violently anti-Semitic, Hitler openly attacked Jews,
blaming them for all of the country’s problems.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Japan did not become a totalitarian
dictatorship, but it did come under the
influence of strong military leaders.
These leaders attempted to solve their
country’s economic problems through
aggressive military conquests.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Japanese Expansion, 1931-1939
Japan invaded
Manchuria,
then China.
The attack on
Nanjing was
especially
brutal.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Acts of Aggression in Europe and Asia
Germany
•
•
•
•
•
Italy
• invaded Ethiopia
Spain
• Fascists rebelled against the government
• Spanish Civil War
Japan
• conquered Manchuria and parts of China
rebuilt military
reclaimed Saar region from France
invaded the Rhineland
Anschluss
invaded the Sudetenland
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
A weak League of Nations did little to
stop the aggression of the totalitarian
states or of Japan.
• Many feared involvement in another war.
• Some believed the Soviet Union posed a greater
threat than the threat of Nazi Germany.
• Others questioned the resolve of their own
country and their allies, and embraced a policy
of isolationism.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The appeasement of Hitler continued
with the Munich Pact.
Britain and France
sacrificed the
Sudetenland to
Germany in return
for peace.
British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain and
Hitler in Munich
But peace was
not to come.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Start of World War II and Early Years
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Understand the course of the early years of
World War II in Europe.
• Describe Franklin Roosevelt’s foreign policy in
the mid-1930s and the great debate between
interventionists and isolationists.
• Explain how the United States became more
involved in the conflict.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
• blitzkrieg − lightning war
• Axis Powers − Germany, Italy, Japan, and other
nations that fought together during World War II
• Allies − Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the
United States, China, and other nations that fought
against the Axis Powers during World War II
• Winston Churchill − British prime minister during
World War II
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• Neutrality Act of 1939 − American law that
allowed nations at war to buy U.S. arms if they paid
cash and carried them away on their own ships
• Tripartite Pact − three-party agreement
establishing an alliance between Germany, Italy, and
Japan
• Lend-Lease Act − American law that allowed the
United States to lend, lease, sell, or otherwise
provide aid to other nations if doing so helped in the
defense of the United States
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• Atlantic Charter − document signed by
Roosevelt and Churchill that endorsed national
self-determination and an international system of
general security
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did Americans react to events in
Europe and Asia in the early years of
World War II?
Americans were shocked by Japanese and
German aggression.
Yet they remained deeply divided over
American involvement in another war—
especially as they fought the despair of the
Great Depression.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Hopes for peace in Europe faded as it became
clear that efforts to appease Hitler had failed.
• Hitler violated the Munich Pact, taking over the
remainder of Czechoslovakia in 1939.
• When Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939,
Britain and France declared war on Germany. This
marked the start of World War II.
• Germany launched a series of attacks on its
neighbors marked by speed and massive firepower—
a blitzkrieg, or “lightning war.”
• Denmark, Norway, and the Netherlands fell in 1940.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In May of 1940
the Germans
entered France.
It fell in just 35
days and was
divided into two
sections,
Occupied France
and the smaller,
French-controlled
Vichy France.
Nazi soldiers in Paris
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Beginning in July 1940, Hitler turned his
fury on Britain.
The Battle of
Britain was
waged in the
air as pilots
fought for
control of the
skies.
The British hid
in shelters
and darkened
homes as
bombs rained
down.
Despite
terrible
destruction,
the British
held on.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Europe was again at war. In time, major
powers around the world joined in alliances.
Axis Powers
Allies
• Germany
• Britain
• Italy
• France
• Japan
• Soviet Union
The Tripartite
Pact bound
these nations
together.
• United States
• China
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
German Aggression, 1936–1941
Many feared that Hitler was unstoppable.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the early days of the war, Congress
declared neutrality. But as the war raged on
in Europe, the United States began to take
steps to support Europe’s democracies.
• The Neutrality Act of 1939 contained a
cash-and-carry provision favoring the Allies.
• The Selective Service Act provided for a
military draft.
• FDR agreed to give Britain battleships in
exchange for defense bases.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Not everyone agreed with FDR’s pro-Allies
position. A loud debate soon raged between
isolationists and interventionists.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As conditions worsened overseas,
Roosevelt described what was at stake, in
an address to Congress.
He highlighted
four freedoms
precious to
Americans.
• freedom of speech
• freedom of worship
• freedom from want
• freedom from fear
All of these freedoms, he argued, were
threatened by German and Japanese militarism.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Congress then took another step to aid the British.
In March 1941,
Congress approved
the Lend-Lease Act.
The act, symbolically
numbered 1776,
amounted to an
economic declaration
of war.
Many people, however,
remained divided over
American involvement
in the war.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In August 1941, Roosevelt and British prime minister
Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter,
deepening the alliance between the two nations.
German submarines began to fire on American ships
supporting the Allies.
Roosevelt ordered the navy to attack the U-boats
on sight.
War seemed inevitable.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
American Entry into the World War II
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Explain why Japan decided to attack Pearl
Harbor, and describe the attack itself.
• Outline how the United States mobilized for
war after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
• Summarize the course of the war in the
Pacific through the summer of 1942.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
• Hideki Tojo − Japanese general and prime
minister during World War II
• Pearl Harbor − American military base attacked
by the Japanese on December 7, 1941
• Women’s Army Corps (WAC) − U.S. Army
group established during World War II so that
women could serve in noncombat roles.
• Douglas MacArthur − general who served as
commander of United States Army forces in Asia
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• Bataan Death March − grueling march in which
Japanese troops forced sick and malnourished
prisoners of war to walk more than 60 miles to
prison camps during World War II
• Battle of Coral Sea − World War II battle that
took place between Japanese and American
aircraft carriers
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did the United States react to the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?
In early December 1941, the United States
had engaged in warlike activity, but had not
yet committed itself to join in World War II. A
surprise attack on the American naval base at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, ended the debate
between isolationists and interventionists.
The United States was going to war.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Tensions between the United States and Japan
mounted as Japan continued its march into
new lands, gaining territory and valuable
natural resources.
Roosevelt condemned
Japanese aggression.
He worked to slow
Japan’s expansion with
an embargo.
Angered by American
interference, Prime
Minister Hideki Tojo
decided it was time to
eliminate the U.S.
presence in the Pacific.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
On December 7, 1941, Japanese forces
attacked the American naval base at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
The attackers
struck with
devastating
power, taking
the Americans
by surprise.
USS West Virginia and USS Tennessee
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Damage at Pearl Harbor
The United
States
suffered
terrible
losses, but
key parts of
the fleet
survived.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
After the
attack, the
United States
declared war
on Japan.
Japan’s allies,
Germany and
Italy, then
declared war
on the United
States.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
A wave of patriotism swept the United States
following the attack.
• Americans joined the military, the Red
Cross, and other organizations.
• Women responded by joining the Women’s
Army Corps (WAC), Army Nurse Corps,
and other military auxiliaries.
• Americans took new jobs making weapons
and supplies that supported the war effort.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The peacetime
economy soon
shifted to a
wartime
economy.
Companies that
once produced
consumer goods
mobilized to build
ships, planes,
and tanks.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The money
that was
poured into
defense
spending
finally ended
the Great
Depression.
American
workers could
once again
find jobs.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1944, American production levels were double
those of all the Axis nations combined.
This “production miracle” gave the Allies a
crucial advantage.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the early years of the war, the outlook for
the Allies was grim.
Japan’s Advantages
• Dominance of the Pacific
• Technologically advanced weapons
• Highly motivated and well-trained military
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Japanese armies quickly took Guam,
Wake Island, and Hong Kong.
Then they moved into
the Philippines, forcing
American General
Douglas MacArthur
to retreat.
The remaining troops
were surrounded,
trapped.
After a terrible
siege, thousands
died when they
were forced to
walk to prison
camps during the
Bataan Death
March.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Japanese Aggression, December 1941–June 1942
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
With hope for a quick victory fading, Americans
finally got some good news.
1. Colonel James Doolittle’s surprise
raid on Tokyo
2. The American victory at the
Battle of Coral Sea
Coral Sea was a battle of aircraft carriers.
From that day on, the Pacific theater of
battle would be won or lost on the strength
of aircraft carriers and planes.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The momentum had shifted toward the Americans.
A long fight lay ahead, but
the darkest days of 1942
seemed to be over.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Turning Points in World War II
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Analyze the reasons for and impact of the
Allies’ “Europe First” strategy.
• Explain why the battles of Stalingrad and
Midway were major turning points in the war.
• Discuss how the Allies put increasing pressure
on the Axis in North Africa and Europe.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
Dwight Eisenhower − American general and
commander of Allied forces during World War II
•
George S. Patton, Jr. − American general and
tank commander during World War II
•
unconditional surrender − giving up completely
without any concessions
•
saturation bombing − dropping massive
amounts of bombs to inflict maximum damage
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
•
strategic bombing − dropping bombs on key
targets to destroy the enemy’s capacity to make war
•
Tuskegee Airmen − African American squadron
that escorted bombers in the air war over Europe
during World War II
•
Chester Nimitz − Commander of the U.S. Navy in
the Pacific
•
Battle of Midway − American victory and turning
point of the war in the Pacific
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did the Allies turn the tide
against the Axis?
After the dark days of 1942, the Allies
began to make important advances.
Tough years of fighting lay ahead, but
many began to see a glimmer of hope.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Allies viewed Germany as the most
dangerous Axis Power.
The German military could
• bomb Britain
• fight both the U.S. and
British navies
• invade the Soviet Union
For these
reasons, the
Allies agreed to
a “Europe First”
strategy to
defeat Hitler.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The United States moved quickly to produce
military supplies and send them to Europe.
Hitler was
determined
to prevent
the supplies
from
reaching
Europe.
German
U-boats sank
thousands of
supply ships
in the North
Atlantic.
New technology
such as radar
helped the
Allies target the
U-boats and
restore the
supply lines.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Germany had invaded the Soviet Union in
June 1941. Millions of soldiers and civilians
died in fierce fighting.
After a long
struggle, the
Soviets defeated
the Germans at
Stalingrad in
January 1943.
Thousands of
Germans
surrendered.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Battle of
Stalingrad
proved to be a
major turning
point of the
war in Europe.
• Nazi armies were forced
to retreat westward,
back toward Germany.
• The Soviet Union was
now on the offensive.
• Hitler’s dream of
dominating Europe
was crushed.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Meanwhile, Allied forces pressured the
Axis on another front—the deserts of
North Africa.
• General Dwight Eisenhower commanded
the Allied invasion.
• Heat, sandstorms, and scorpions made
conditions difficult.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Tank battles dominated the fighting, pitting two
brilliant tank strategists against each other.
American
General
George S.
Patton, Jr.
German
General
Erwin
Rommel, the
“Desert Fox”
Patton eventually defeated Rommel’s Afrika Korps,
forcing a German surrender in May 1943.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Allied Advances in North Africa
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Allied victory in
North Africa paved
the way for an
invasion of Italy,
with forces
capturing Sicily.
In 1943, Italy
surrendered to the
Allies, ending the
rule of Benito
Mussolini.
However, German forces continued fighting the
Allies in Italy into 1945.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Allies next took the fight
against Germany to the air.
Bombers flying from
Britain launched nonstop
attacks in Germany.
• massive saturation bombing
to inflict maximum damage
• pinpoint strategic bombing
to destroy factories
The goal was
unconditional
surrender.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1943, Allied leaders agreed to open a
second front in the war in Europe.
American
and British
troops
would cross
the English
Channel
and invade
France.
• The secret operation was
code-named Operation
Overlord.
• General Dwight D.
Eisenhower was the
mission’s commander.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Operation Overlord was a massive operation.
It required careful
planning and
involved an
elaborate hoax to
fool the enemy
about where troops
would land.
On D-Day, June 6,
1944, the Allies
landed at Normandy.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Amid intense
fighting, the
Allies captured
the beaches.
Within a month,
more than one
million troops
landed in France.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
American bomber planes were key to the war.
• The B-24 Liberator was faster than previous
bomber planes and had a greater long-range
capacity.
• Some planes escorted the bombers. The
most celebrated of the escort crews were the
Tuskegee Airmen, a special unit of African
American pilots. In 1,500 missions, they
never lost a bomber.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
While battles raged in Europe, the Allies
continued to fight Japanese advances in
the Pacific.
Decoded messages told
U.S. Admiral Chester
Nimitz that Japan was
going to attack the
American base at
Midway in June 1942.
This was a vital
location to the defense
of Hawaii.
Allied aircraft carriers and fighter planes were
victorious after fierce fighting.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Battle of Midway proved to be a major
turning point of the war in the Pacific.
• Japan’s momentum was finally halted.
• Americans took the offensive, moving on to
defeat the Japanese at Guadalcanal.
• Now the Allies began advancing—toward Japan.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Home Front in World War II
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Explain how World War II increased
opportunities for women and minorities.
• Analyze the effects of the war on civil
liberties for Japanese Americans and others.
• Examine how the need to support the war
effort changed American lives.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
A. Philip Randolph − African American labor
leader
•
Executive Order 8802 − World War II measure
that assured fair hiring practices in jobs funded
with government money
•
bracero program − program in which laborers
were brought from Mexico to work on American
farms
•
internment − temporary imprisonment of
members of a specific group
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
(continued)
•
Korematsu v. United States − Supreme Court
case that upheld the government’s wartime
internment policy
•
442nd Regimental Combat Team − Japanese
American combat team that became the most
decorated military unit in American history
•
rationing − system that limits the amount of
certain goods people can buy
•
Office of War Information (OWI) −
encouraged support of the war effort
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did the World War II change
America at home?
World War II stirred patriotism even as it
brought out long-simmering fears and
tensions.
Americans from different backgrounds
living in different places across the country
made huge sacrifices to support the war
effort.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Wartime America saw industries gearing up
to produce military goods.
With men joining
the army in huge
numbers, women
stepped into jobs
in businesses and
factories.
Unlike the past,
• Women worked in
both light and
heavy industries.
• Married and older
women worked.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Wartime changes to the workforce had
long-lasting effects.
• Women earned
paychecks and gained
knowledge and
experience.
• Future generations
benefited from new
opportunities.
• Day-care options for
children expanded.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
African Americans hoped for similar job
opportunities, but were disappointed.
Leaders called for a
“Double V” campaign.
Victory against fascism
abroad
Victory against
discrimination at home
Yet many jobs, including those in the government
and the military, remained segregated.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Labor leader A. Phillip Randolph urged Roosevelt
to end discrimination in government-funded
training, employment, and military service.
Under pressure, FDR
issued Executive
Order 8802.
Assured fair hiring
practices in
government jobs
Such victories set the stage for the civil rights
struggles to come.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Migration patterns changed as people
moved across the country—especially to
cities—seeking jobs in wartime industries.
Bracero program
• To alleviate the loss of workers in rural areas,
Mexican laborers were brought in to work on
American farms.
• Agricultural industries would continue to hire
migratory labor in the West for years to come.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Population changes and racial tensions at
times triggered violence.
• Urban riots
• Zoot suit attacks
Despite this, African Americans and Mexican
Americans continued to contribute to the war
effort.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Wartime fears also led to discrimination against
Americans from Germany, Italy, and Japan.
In time, suspicion focused on Japanese Americans.
They were targeted for a combination of reasons.
• Racism
• Lack of political clout
• Their fewer numbers and relative isolation
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By executive order,
more than 100,000
Japanese Americans
were forced to sell
their homes and
belongings.
They were then
sent to isolated
internment camps.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
They remained in
the camps for the
rest of the war.
Some Japanese
Americans went
to court to fight
for their civil
liberties.
Their efforts failed.
Still, when the military ban on Japanese Americans was
lifted in 1943, many eagerly joined the 44nd
Regimental Combat Team.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
The Facts
The Issue
The Decision
• In 1942, FDR ordered that
select people could be
banned from war zones.
• The army relocated
Japanese Americans on the
West Coast to internment
camps.
• Fred Korematsu was
arrested for resisting the
army’s orders.
Korematsu argued
that he was denied
equal protection
under the law
because he was a
Japanese American.
The court held
that the military
order was
justified for
security
reasons.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The war
effort had a
huge effect
on the
economy.
• The national debt
skyrocketed.
• Taxes increased.
• Wages and prices
were controlled.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As industries
cranked out
military goods,
consumer goods
became scarce.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Americans made many sacrifices,
looking toward victory.
The Office of War
Information
worked with the
media to
encourage support
of the war effort
Americans:
• Shopped with
ration books
• Bought war bonds
• Planted victory gardens
• Collected scrap metal
and other materials
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Allied Victory in World War II
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Analyze the planning and impact of the D-Day
invasion of France.
• Understand how the Allies achieved final victory
in Europe.
• Explore the reasons that President Truman
decided to use the atomic bomb against Japan.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
D-Day − June 6, 1944, the day Allied forces
invaded France
•
Battle of the Bulge − German counterattack
that failed, resulting in an Allied victory
•
Harry S. Truman − President during the end of
World War II
•
island hopping − American strategy of
capturing selected islands in the Pacific in a
steady path to Japan
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
(continued)
•
kamikaze − Japanese pilots who deliberately
crashed their planes into American ships
•
Albert Einstein − world-famous scientist who
alerted Roosevelt of the need to develop atomic
weapons
•
Manhattan Project − code name for the program
to develop an atomic bomb
•
J. Robert Oppenheimer − key leader of the
Manhattan Project
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did the Allies defeat the Axis Powers?
It took years of hard fighting to reverse
Axis advances and move toward victory
in World War II.
A new weapon finally ended the war,
changing both warfare and global
politics forever.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1943, Allied leaders agreed to open a
second front in the war in Europe.
American
and British
troops
would cross
the English
Channel
and invade
France.
• The secret operation was
code-named Operation
Overlord.
• General Dwight D.
Eisenhower was the
mission’s commander.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Operation Overlord was a massive operation.
It required careful
planning and
involved an
elaborate hoax to
fool the enemy
about where troops
would land.
On D-Day, June 6,
1944, the Allies
landed at Normandy.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Amid intense
fighting, the
Allies captured
the beaches.
Within a month,
more than one
million troops
landed in France.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Allies seized the momentum.
The Americans
and British
advanced from
the west,
liberating Paris
in August 1944.
The Soviets
advanced from
the east,
liberating Latvia,
Romania,
Slovakia, and
Hungary.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In December
1944, Hitler
launched a
counterattack,
creating a bulge
in the American
lines.
The Americans
pushed back,
forcing a German
retreat during
the Battle of
the Bulge.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Allies soon surrounded
Berlin, preparing for an all-out
assault on Hitler’s capital
Hitler had fallen into
madness, giving
orders that were not
obeyed and planning
attacks that were not
carried out.
In April 1945,
Hitler committed
suicide.
Germany
surrendered.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
World War II in Europe, 1942–1945
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
With the German surrender, the Allies
celebrated V-E Day, hailing their hard-fought
victory in Europe.
FDR did not
live to join the
celebrations.
He died a few
weeks earlier.
The new President was
Harry S. Truman.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
War still raged in the Pacific, where
the Allies were fighting their way
toward Japan.
• Battles during the island-hopping campaign
were fierce, with high casualties on both sides.
• Kamikazes crashed into American ships.
Japanese troops fought to the death.
• An intense bombing campaign leveled much of
Tokyo. Still, Japan refused to surrender.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Something had to be done.
Early in the
war, Albert
Einstein
convinced
FDR of the
need to
develop an
atomic bomb.
The program
was codenamed the
Manhattan
Project. It was
led by J.
Robert
Oppenheimer.
The bomb was
successfully
tested in July
1945.
Now it was up to Truman to decide
if and when to use it.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The
Japanese
refused to
surrender.
An invasion of
Japan could cost
up to 1,000,000
American lives.
Truman’s chief priority was to save
American lives.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
On August 6, 1945, U.S. pilots dropped an atomic
bomb on Hiroshima.
Three days later,
they dropped a
second bomb on
Nagasaki.
On August 15,
Emperor
Hirohito
surrendered.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Allies celebrated V-J Day, marking
victory in Japan.
The most costly war in history was finally over.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
World War II in the Pacific, 1942−1945