Download TEST NINE NOTES

TEST NINE NOTES
World History Standard 17
The student will be able to
identify the major political and
economic factors that shaped
world societies between World
War I and World War II.
A. Examine the impact of the war.
B. Determine the causes and results of
the Russian Revolution from the rise of
the Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin’s
first Five Year Plan.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How was Russia affected by
WWI?
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
• World War I exposed Russia’s
weaknesses. No Industrial Revolution
Railroads, munitions
Turkey joined the war on Germany’s
side Russia isolated.
3 years Russian troops held off
the Germany army.
2 – front war Allies loose quickly
During this period over 2 million
Russians were killed, 5 million
were wounded or crippled, and
another 2 million were captured
and made POW’s.
By the spring of 1917, the
Russians were tired of the war.
They had lost all faith in their
government and Czar
Nicholas II. Strikes and street
demonstrations broke out in
Petrograd (St Petersburg’s name
since 1914).
The czar ordered the demonstrations
put down by force. When the
Russian government (Duma)
demanded Nicholas grant reforms he
had the Duma dissolved. In the past,
the czars had always been able to use
the army to put down revolts, but in
this case the soldiers were joining the
rioters.
The Duma took advantage of the
army’s disorganization and refused
to disband. On March 15, 1917,
unable to control his subjects or
army any longer, Nicholas II
abdicated the throne. He and his
family were executed the following
year and the 300 year old Romanov
dynasty came to an end.
A provisional government was put in
place in Russia to try and restore
order until a more permanent one
could be elected. But a rival force
was working for change in Russia.
People who had been exiled from
Russia in 1905 were trying to gain
enough power to return to Russia
and take over the country.
They were radical socialists known
as the Bolsheviks. They tried to win
the peoples approval by calling for
immediate peace, land reforms, and
turning the factories over to the
workers. There was also a group
who supported the Bolsheviks that
were still living in Russia.
They called themselves the Petrograd
Soviet of Workers. Soviet is the Russian
word for council. The leader of the
Bolsheviks was Vladimir Llyich Ulyanov,
but he changed his name to N. Lenin.
He was intelligent and forceful. When
his older brother had been arrested by
the czar’s police and executed as a
revolutionary Lenin became a
revolutionary.
On April 6, 1917 Lenin returned to
Russia from exile in Switzerland. He
insisted that the government be
turned over to the soviets. Lenin was
a radical socialist, but he favored
modified Marxism. His ideas
became the basis for the Communist
Party that was formed later.
His slogan was Land, Peace, and
Bread. His ideas appealed to the
people. On November 7, 1917 the
Bolsheviks overthrew the
provisional government and seized
control of Russia. This is called the
Bolshevik revolution or the 2nd
revolution. (1st was in March).
Remember it was aided by the
Germans. In the spring of 1918 the
Bolsheviks renamed themselves the
Communist Party.
The communists adopted the color
red; since red was the symbol of
revolutions in Europe. So the
Communists were nicknamed the
“Reds”. Those who opposed the
communists became known as the
“Whites”.
A civil war broke out between the reds
and the whites which lasted 3 years.
This just added to the devastation of
Russia following World War I. The
Allies were afraid that the communists
would gain control of Russia; so they
aided the White army by giving them
supplies and money.
The United States even sent small
forces of soldiers to help fight in the
wars. This just helped in prolonging
the war. The reds eventually won.
As soon as the communists went
into power they began making
changes. The capital was moved
from Petrograd to Moscow. A
National Congress was established
with 1,000 representatives from the
Soviets. In 1922 Russia was given a
new name. The Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR).
The name indicated that the power
in Russia was now in the hands of
the Soviets. The country was
divided into 15 different republics,
which were joined by a federal
union. From 1918 – 1921 all the
Russian industries were put under
government control.
In 1921 Lenin decided to allow some
free-enterprise to help Russia’s economy
grow. The major industries oil, mining,
steel, and the railroads remained under
gov’t control, but farming was allowed
to try free enterprise. Smaller business
and home industries could be privately
owned.
5/14/13
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How did Joseph Stalin
change Russia?
Lenin died in 1924 and a power
struggle began for control of the
USSR. main contenders - Leon
Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
Trotsky almost single-handedly
created the Red Army. Stalin was
secretary general of the Communist
Party. Trotsky wanted to follow the
strict Marxist belief, that the
revolution to be successful, had to
take place all over the world.
Stalin pushed for the revolution to
begin in Russia and then once
established in Russia it could spread
to other parts of the world. The
struggle between the 2 factions
became bitter. By 1928, as a result
of some betrayals and assassinations,
Stalin was firmly in power.
Trotsky went into exile, but was later
murdered in Mexico. In 1928 Stalin
ended all free enterprise in industry.
All industries were now government
controlled. He came up with a
master plan called the 5-year plan for
economic growth.
It set industrial, agricultural and
social goals for the next 5 years.
There were also plans for expanding
the educational system and building
more hospitals and housing. Heavy
industry was pushed at the expense
of consumer goods.
All farms were joined into collectives
or co-ops, and peasants had to join
or suffer consequences. The 1st 5year plan was basically successful.
70% of all farmland was put into
collectives and crops increased.
Russia’s heavy industry expanded. A
2nd 5-year plan began in 1933.
It had basically the same goals as the
1st, but to reward the people some
consumer goods were produced also.
Stalin ruled Russia by making sure
the people feared him.
People were forced to conform to
his ideas. Religion was ridiculed,
schools taught atheism. Artists,
writers, and musicians were told
what they could produce and it had
to praise the communist idea.
WORLD WAR II
• In the late 1920’s Japan’s military
became powerful. In 1930 their prime
minister was shot and soon after the
military was ruling the country. In
September of 1931 there was a
mysterious explosion near Mukden,
Manchuria of China.
A Japanese railroad was damaged and
the Japanese invaded Mukden. China
protested, but Japan continued its
occupation. By 1939 Japan occupied
about a fourth of China, including most
of its seaports. The two nations were at
war and it was a strain on both
countries.
Meanwhile Italy was ruled by
Mussolini and he wanted to solve
Italy’s economic problems by
expanding overseas. In December
of 1934 Italy invaded Ethiopia. By
the spring of 1936 Italy had total
control of Ethiopia.
The 1930’s was also when the Nazi
Party (led by Adolf Hitler) took
control of Germany. In 1938
Germany occupied Austria. The
addition of Austria increased
Germany’s population, territory and
resources.
Next on the list was Czechoslovakia.
The western region of
Czechoslovakia was an area full of
Germans. 3 million This area was
awarded to Czechoslovakia after
WWI. On September 22, 1938
Hitler demanded the Sudetenland be
returned to Germany.
Great Britain and France were not
eager to enter another World War;
so they overlooked Hitler’s attacks
on other countries. By March of
1939 Germany occupied
Czechoslovakia.
His next move was toward
Lithuania. Germany had lost the
port of Memel after World War I
and Hitler wanted it back. Memel
was still largely a German city. In
March, 1939 Lithuania gave Memel
to Germany.
Also in the spring of 1939 Italy invaded
Albania. In September of 1939 Europe
realized that if Hitler was left alone he
would try to conquer the entire
continent. Great Britain and France
decided to declare war on Germany.
Within 48 hours Hitler attacked Poland
and WWII began.
5/15/13
The Germans used a new type of
warfare they called blitzkrieg. It
meant lightning war. Dive bombers
bombed an area; then tanks called
Panzers advanced quickly. The
Germans used this method on
Poland and Poland was captured on
September 27, 1939.
Earlier Stalin and Hitler had made a
pact. And when Germany captured
Poland Russia moved into eastern
Poland and Poland basically
disappeared from the map. It was
occupied by both countries and
Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia were
given to Russia.
On November 30, 1939 Russia
attacked Finland and in March of
1940 it fell to Russia. On April 9,
1940 Germany invaded Denmark
and Norway. The German army
moved so fast that both were under
German control by the end of April.
By controlling Denmark and
Norway, Germany had an outlet to
the Atlantic Ocean. The long
Scandinavian coastline gave
Germany excellent bases for its
submarines. There also good sites
for air fields and it allowed them
control over shipping going to and
from France and Great Britain.
Great Britain’s prime minister was
Neville Chamberlain and he had
continued pushing for Great Britain to
stay out of the war. Now Great Britain
was in danger of being attacked by
Germany and the British people wanted
a change. In May of 1940 he was forced
to resign and the new prime minister
was Winston Churchill.
Churchill had been warning the
British Parliament that it should stop
the Nazi advances as far back as
1930. Hitler decided to attack
harder. He wanted to occupy as
much territory as possible before his
opponents could organize an
offensive against him.
On May 10, 1940 Germany invaded
the Low countries ( the Netherlands,
Belgium, and Luxembourg).
Luxembourg fell in just one day, the
Netherlands in 5 and Belgium held
out till the end of May. Hitler was
now ready to attack France.
Twice in less than 50 years, France
had been attacked by Germany. To
prevent this from ever happening
again, the French army had been
rebuilt and a series of steel and
concrete walls had been built along
the border with Luxemboug and
Belgium.
The walls were 200 miles long and
were called the Maginot Line (named
after the guy who came up with the
idea). When Hitler captured the
Low Countries he had a way around
the Maginot Line. The German
tanks (panzers) continued westward
toward the English Channel.
French, Belgian and British troops
tried to stop the advance, but had to
retreat. The British used every ship
available (including fishing vessels)
to evacuate 340,000 soldiers back
across the English Channel. The
evacuation left the French alone to
fight the Germans on mainland
Europe.
Germany began its attacks on France
in June of 1940. German troop
literally moved at will through
France. Civilians were gun down
and villages were bombed.
Mussolini saw France’s weakness
and quickly declared war on France
and Great Britain on June 10, and
Italian forces invaded southern
France. On June 14, German forces
entered Paris, and the French
Cabinet all resigned.
After the fall of France many French
generals predicted that Great Britain
would “have her neck wrung like a
chickens in 3 weeks”. Hitler had
already started bombing British cities
and the attacks just got more
intense.
From August – November 1940 the
air raids were constant. This is
known as the battle for Britain.
British cities were literally burned to
the ground by the fire bombs.
Germany hoped to lower the British
moral so far that they would
welcome a ground attack just so the
bombings would end.
But the British air force began
fighting back. British planes had
radar (Germans did not) and so even
though they had fewer planes, they
could see the Germans coming and
attack coming from the sun and
Germans would not ever see them
coming.
Create an A-Z project from the
time periods of 1914 – 1969.
You must give me something that
starts with each letter of the
alphabet and then tell me
something about the item, event,
person or place.
Create an A-Z project from the
time periods of 2,000 BC – 100
BC. You must give me
something that starts with each
letter of the alphabet and then tell
me something about the item,
event, person or place.
5/16
The British were able to shoot down
a great number of the German
bombers. The bombings stopped,
but the German blockade of British
ports still threatened to starve the
British out.
The United States still wanted to
remain neutral. Early in 1941
Churchill asked the US to at least
send supplies and Congress agreed.
They gave the President (Franklin D.
Roosevelt) the power to send
supplies to England on credit.
By the Fall of 1940 Germany
controlled most of western Europe.
Next they began moving eastward
into the Balkans. The Russians
considered the Balkans their
territory. Hitler and Stalin met in
Berlin to discuss this matter.
Stalin wanted the Germans to leave
the Balkans to Russia, but Hitler told
him Europe was Germany’s. The
Soviet Union could expand into Asia
if it wanted to expand. Stalin found
this unacceptable and on June 22,
1941 Germany invaded Russia.
Meanwhile Japan was expanding in
the Pacific. Japan had formed an
alliance with Germany and Italy back
in 1940 and meant to expand
throughout the pacific. On
December 7, 1941 the Japanese
attacked the American naval base on
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. 2,300
Americans died.
They also bombed the Philippines
on that same day and soon captured
the Philippines, and American bases
in Guam and Wake islands. FDR
asked congress to declare war, and
on December 8, 1941 Congress
declared war on Japan.
Three days later Germany and Italy
declared war on the US and so
Congress declared war on both of
them also.
Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan,
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria)
Allies (U.S., Britain, France, USSR,
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
China, Denmark, Greece,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia).
By January, 1942; 26 nations had
united to defeat the Axis powers.
5/17
The United States fought a two front
war. We fought Germany (and its
Allies) in Europe and Africa and we
fought the Japanese in Asia and the
Pacific. Italy was the first to be
defeated. In September, 1943 the
Italians surrendered.
In October of 1944, the Philippines
was freed from Japanese control.
On June 6, 1943 the Allies crossed
the English Channel and landed in
Normandy France. D-Day.
After heavy fighting the Allies broke
through the German lines and on
August 25, 1944 they reached Paris.
In June, 1944 the Russians began a
major push against Germany. By the
end of 1944 the Red Army had taken
back the Balkans.
The British helped push the
Germans back across Greece. On
April 30, 1945 the Russians and
American met in Berlin, Germany.
Hitler committed suicide and Berlin
was captured. May 8, 1945 was
VE-Day the day of victory in
Europe.
Then on August 6, 1945 a single
American bomber dropped an
atomic bomb on the Japanese city of
Hiroshima. It killed around 80,000
people.
Two days later the Russian army
swept into Manchuria to attack the
Japanese bases there. On August 9,
1945 a 2nd plane dropped an even
more powerful bomb on the
Japanese city of Nagasaki.
On August 14, 1945 the Japanese
surrendered. September 2, 1945 is
known as V-J Day. Victory over
Japan.
World War II was different from
other wars:
• 1. Total War: Fought by armies, navies, air
forces and people at home.
–
–
–
–
–
–
Food rationing
Consumer goods rationing
Coast Guard
War bonds sales
Social position of Women
Movies
2. Global War: Fought over most of
the world
3. Made use of scientific discoveries:
a. Weapons: Rockets/Radar/Guided
missiles/Magnetic mines/Atomic
bomb
b. Medical: Blood
plasma/Penicillin/Sulfa
Important Results of WWII:
• 1. Soviet Union became one of the most
powerful nations in the world
• 2. Great Britain and France were
weakened-lost colonies in Africa and Asia
• 3. US leaders realized US cannot stay out
of world affairs
• 4. UN established
5. Germany, Italy and Japan stripped
of land seized
6. Germany occupied by Great
Britain, US and Soviet Union
7. Soviet Union dominated Eastern
Europe-Communism spread
8. Japan occupied until 1952
9. Beginning of nuclear age
10. Beginning of Cold War