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Cover Slide Chapter 29 Dictatorships and the Second World War Aftermath of WWI • Political ineptitude by major political leaders of world powers helped advance the cause of dictatorships. – The League of Nations was unable to solve international crises. – Germany was kept out of the League. Authoritarian States • Conservative Authoritarianism – Anti-democratic – relied on police / the Army and obedient bureaucracies – Limited in power and objectives • People were independent as long as they did not try and change the system • Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships – Rejected parliamentary restraint / liberal values Authoritarian States • Fascism /Nazi / Totalitarian States – – – – Benito Mussolini (Fascist) Party Adolf Hitler (NAZI) Party Stalin (Communist) Party Japan (Imperialist Fascism) • A Permanent Revolution that was unfinished and goes on forever / controlled ALL aspects of society including social, economic, intellectual, cultural Authoritarian States • Japan invades Manchuria (1931) – Manchukuo • Spanish Civil War – Proving ground for WWII – Axis vs. USSR / Western Communists Map: The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 The Nationalist insurgents quickly took over most of northern and eastern Spain in 1936 and then gradually expanded their territory. The fall of Madrid early in 1939 marked the end of fighting. The revolutionary effort of 1936-1937 within the Republican zone was centered in Barcelona. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) "No pasaran" poster "No pasaran" poster "No pasaran!" ("They shall not pass"), proclaimed the charismatic Spanish communist Dolores Ibarruri (18951989), whose impassioned speeches and radio broadcasts helped inspire the heroic defense of Madrid during the civil war that gripped Spain during the later 1930s. This poster depicts Spanish soldiers defending the democratic republic against the antidemocratic nationalists seeking to overthrow it. (Biblioteca Nacional Madrid) Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The USSR / Lenin and Stalin • Lenin was victorious but the economy was in ruins – 1921 the New Economic Policy (NEP) reestablished limited freedom to recover in agriculture and industry • Lenin dies power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky – Stalin wins and takes over The USSR / Lenin and Stalin • Stalin’s five year plan – A second revolution in 1928 (Collectivization) to control the “Cursed Problem” or peasants – Collectivization was to force all peasants into large state farms with no private property – Kulaks (middle class peasants) liquidated as a class – Ukraine example (5 million in one year) The USSR / Lenin and Stalin • Russia and Stalin refined the totalitarian state. – Political purges helped Stalin remove the major political threats to his power. – Failed economic programs of the past gave way to spectacular growth of heavy industry. • Russia succeeded with the aid of government control. – Foreign technological experts also played a key role in Russia’s success. Forced labor camp Forced labor camp This rare photo, from about 1933, shows the reality of deported peasants and other political prisoners building the Stalin-White Sea Canal in far northern Russia with their bare hands and under the most dehumanizing conditions. In books and plays Stalin's followers praised the project as a model for the regeneration of "reactionaries" and "kulak exploiters" through the joys of socialist work. (David King Collection) Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges • Purged the old guard / army / friends / family / party officials / show trials / • No one was safe / all lived under the “Knock” • Gulags Mussolini and Italy • Italy and Mussolini fashioned a fascist government after World War I. – Mussolini’s fascists used street politics, nationalist sentiment, and romanticism to create a conservative authoritarian state. – By the early 1920s, most Italians were opposed to liberal, parliamentary government. – The Catholic Church supported Mussolini because he did not try to absorb it into the fascist government. Mussolini Mussolini In this photo, Benito Mussolini--the founder of fascism--is shown with other fascist leaders in 1922, as he becomes prime minister of Italy. Standing at Mussolini's right (with beard) is Italo Belbo, later a pioneering aviator and fascist Italy's air Mussolini and Italy • Mussolini’s was not the ideal totalitarian state. – Mussolini did not establish a fully totalitarian state. – Benefited the workers / supported land reform for the peasants – Black Shirts thugs beat up people used caster oil – Pushed the socialists out of government – Became the savior of order and prosperity • Kept conservatives / moderates and reform minded Socialists in the government Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Munich, Germany, ca. June 1940 NARA Still Picture Branch Mussolini and Italy • Mussolini’s men killed Matteotti as a rival and almost cost him everything • Mussolini pushed through repressive measures including: abolished press / fixed elections / government rule by decree • Lateran Agreement with the Vatican recognized it as an independent country • Got support from the church by abolishing divorce / telling women to stay home and produce children / taxed bachelors in 1934 Hitler and the Nazi State • Germany and Hitler established the model totalitarian state. – Adolf Hitler became an ardent nationalist in Vienna. • He used his oratorical gifts and keen perception of German society to turn Germany into a Nazi empire. – The Nazis appealed to nationalistic sentiment, a romantic yearning for the glorious German past, and anti-Semitic tendencies. • In Mein Kampf Hitler outlined his desire to achieve German racial superiority. Hitler in early years Hitler in early years Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) returns the salute of his Brown Shirts in this photograph from the third party day rally in Nuremberg in 1927. The Brown Shirts formed a private army within the Nazi movement, and their uniforms, marches, salutes, and vandalism helped keep Hitler in the public eye in the 1920s. Hitler and the Nazi State • The promises of “work and bread” had a tremendous appeal to Germans who suffered from post-World War I inflation and unemployment. • The Enabling Act of 1933 gave Hitler absolute dictatorial powers. – Hitler was able to achieve a measure of economic recovery. – He reduced traditional class distinctions. – He appealed to the nationalistic urges of many Germans. Nazi glorification of traditional roles for women Nazi glorification of traditional roles for women The Nazi state favored traditional roles for women, believing that they should keep house and raise families, preferably large ones. This propaganda poster starkly informs young women that their job is motherhood. Young men entering the State Labor Service are depicted as happy, self-confident "soldiers of work," bonding together and preparing for battle. (akg-images) Map: The Growth of Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 The Growth of Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 Until March 1939, Hitler brought ethnic Germans into the Nazi state; then he turned on the Slavic peoples he had always hated. He stripped Czechoslovakia of its independence and prepared for an attack on Poland in September Cartoon: Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland Cartoon: Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland This bitterly critical cartoon by British cartoonist David Lowe (1891-1963) appeared in the London Evening News shortly after Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland. Appeasement also appealed to millions of ordinary citizens in Britain and France, who wanted to avoid another war at any cost. Originally a New Zealander, Lowe came to Britain after World War I and always maintained a sharp outsider's view of the British political scene. (London Evening News/Solo Standard Syndicate) Germany absorbs Austria Germany absorbs Austria With the defeat and dismemberment of the Habsburg Empire, Austria was left a small, landlocked country after World War I. Most Austrians would have welcomed unification with Germany, but the peacemakers specifically prohibited any such step. As it happened, Austria was unified with Germany on Hitler's terms with the Anschluss of March 1938. Here Austrians look on as German troops march into Salzburg. Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain, who became Britain's Prime Minister in May 1937, has long been derided as the architect of the "appeasement" of Hitler at the Munich conference of 1938, which settled the crisis over Czechoslovakia. Returning home to Britain from Munich to a hero's welcome, he waves the peace declaration that was supposed to have brought "peace in our time." This was late September. Less than a year later, Europe was again at war. The Outbreak of War in Europe • Soviet – German Non-Aggression Pact – Secretly divided up Europe between themselves – Each would remain neutral if the other went to war • World War II – Poland (1939) – Sitzkrieg (Phony War) – Blitzkrieg –overruns France in 6 weeks / Marshall Petain heads the Vichy Government and makes peace with the Germans – The Battle of Britain -- Luftwaffe tried to win control over GB without invading "Forgive me Comrade" "Forgive me Comrade" On June 23, 1941, the day after Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, the London Daily Mail published this cartoon depicting Hitler's betrayal of his 1939 pact with Stalin. (London Daily Mail/Solo Syndication Limited) "This is Nazi brutality" "This is Nazi brutality“ Ben Shahn (1898-1969) is recognized as a master of social realist art. Born in Lithuania, he lived in America most of his life. He was employed in the Office of War Information, but only two of his designs were used. Lidice, in Central Bohemia, was destroyed on June 10, 1942 as a reprisal for the assassination of a German gauleiter (provincial governor ). It has been rebuilt as a memorial. The visual force of Shahn's poster depends partly on the disturbing image of a hooded figure but also on the angularity of the background and the impersonality of the strips of ticker tape. The War in Europe • World War II became an effort by the western democracies to stamp out fascism. – It reflected the growing technological might of the great powers. – It demonstrated organizing abilities of Churchill, Roosevelt, and Hitler. • The key to Hitler’s military success was speed and force (the blitzkrieg). • Churchill and Britain withstood heavy bombing by the Germans. • Roosevelt got the U.S. on a quick war footing. Milkman in London Milkman in London Adolf Hitler believed that his relentless terror bombing of London--the "blitz"-could break the will of the British people in 1940. He was wrong. The blitz caused enormous destruction, but Londoners went about their business with courage and calm determination, as this unforgettable image of a milkman in the rubble suggests. Map: World War II in Europe World War II in Europe This map shows the extent of Hitler's empire at its height, before the Battle of Stalingrad in late 1942 and the subsequent advances of the Allies until Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. The War • The Allied victory came first in Europe, then in Japan. – The allied forces finally encircled the Nazi state. • They adopted a principle of “unconditional surrender.” • American aid to the British and the Soviets contributed to the eventual victory. • German defeat at Stalingrad in 1942 signaled the beginning of the end for the Nazi state. Dive Bomber over Eastern Europe Dive Bomber over Eastern Europe This German painting depicts a German ME-100 fighter plane attacking a Soviet troop convey on the Eastern Front. Campaigns in North Africa and Italy • The defeat of Rommel in North Africa paved the way for the eventual encirclement of the Nazi state. • North African operation (1942) – TORCH – Gen Darlan (French anti-Semitic) agrees to surrender to US for a deal. Infuriates DeGualle – Dwight D. Eisenhower (SACEUR) • Stalingrad (turning point on Eastern Front) "For the Motherland's Sake" "For the Motherland's Sake“ Joining the historic Russian warrior and the young Soviet soldier in the common cause, this poster--For the Motherland's Sake, Go Forward, Heroes--portrays the defense of the nation as a sacred mission and illustrates the way Soviet leaders successfully appealed to Russian nationalism during the war. (Library of Congress) Stalin and workers march to victory Stalin and workers march to victory Stalin rarely appeared in public, but posters singing his praises were everywhere. Here the mighty ruler is almost one of the boys, as he and Soviet workers march to victory. "Our program is realistic," Stalin proclaims on the poster, "because it is you and me working together." Map: The Nazi New Order in Europe, 1942 The Nazi New Order in Europe, 1942 At the zenith of its power in 1942, Nazi Germany controlled much of Europe. Concerned most immediately with winning the war, the Nazis sought to coordinate the economies of their satellite states and conquered territories. But they also began establishing what was supposed to be an enduring new order in eastern Europe. The inset shows the location of the major Nazi concentration camps and of the six extermination camps the Nazis constructed in what had been Poland. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Operation Overlord • The allied invasion of German-held France in 1944 began the final chapter of the war in Europe. • Normandy (Turning point on Western Front) • D-Day (June 6, 1944) General Dwight Eisenhower meets with paratroopers just before D-Day. D-Day 1944 D-Day 1944 During the Normandy Invasions at Omaha Beach, June 6, 1944, airborne paratroopers landed behind German coastal fortifications around midnight, and American and British forces hit several beaches at daybreak while Allied ships and bombers provided cover. American troops secured full control of Omaha Beach by nightfall, but at a price of 3000 casualties. Allied air power prevented the Germans from bringing up reserves and D-Day invasion beachhead. The War in Europe • It brought into sharp contrast the brutality of the Nazis against Jews, Slavs, and other peoples Nazis considered subhuman. – Hitler attempted to build a new order based on race. – The Slavs, for example, were treated as untermenschen (“subhumans”). – Jews, gypsies, Jehovah’s witnesses, and communists were condemned to death. Families marched out of Warsaw Ghetto Families marched out of Warsaw Ghetto This photo captures the terrible inhumanity of Nazi racism. German soldiers are forcing frightened and bewildered families from their homes in the soon-to-bedestroyed Warsaw Ghetto, in Poland, for deportation to concentration camps. There they face murder in the gas chambers. (Hulton Archives/Getty Images) The Final Solution • (TFS) The Extermination of European Jews by the Nazis • Holocaust – US knew about the camps Decision not to intervene was political & military – 6,000,000 – Lays the foundation for Israel State Nazi Concentration Camp at Dachau Female guards forced to dump bodies Female guards forced to dump bodies When Allied forces entered Germany in 1945, they found not only camp guards and their prisoners but also enormous numbers of corpses. This photograph shows female guards at Bergen-Belsen, one of the most infamous concentration camps, dumping the bodies of Holocaust victims into a mass grave. (Wide World Photos) Stalingrad, November 1942 Stalingrad, November 1942 From September 1942 until the German surrender early in February 1943, Stalingrad, on the Volga River, saw some of the heaviest fighting of World War II. The Soviet victory, in the face of incredible casualties, was arguably the turning point in the war in Europe. German Enigma machine German Enigma machine During World War II, German armed forces used Enigma machines like the one seen here in the vehicle of a German tank commander. With Enigmas, they could encrypt and decode radio messages, keeping them secret (they believed) from enemy codebreakers. (Brian Johnson) Russian flag on Reichstag Russian flag on Reichstag After forcing the Germans back for almost two years, Soviet troops reached Berlin in April 1945. Although it required a day of heavy fighting and bombardment, the Soviets took the Reichstag building, in the heart of the now devastated German capital, on April 30. Here two Soviet sergeants, Yegorov and Kantariya, plant the Soviet flag atop the Reichstag, symbolizing the Soviet victory in the decisive encounter of World War II in Europe. Seizing the Pacific • Coral Sea (1942) • Midway Island (1942) – Turning Point in Pacific • Step by step lessons Americans learn – – – – – Bushito code (POW treatment) Soldiers do not surrender (Tarawa) Civilians don’t surrender (Siapan) Suicide warfare (Kamikaze) Costs of invading home islands???? Battle in Philippine Islands Battle in Philippine Islands This painting by Charles McBarron, Jr., shows the action at Red Beach on October 20, 1944, in the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippine Islands. It captures the danger and courage of U.S. troops, who had to storm well-fortified Japanese positions again and again in their long island-hopping campaign. The officer exhorts his men, and death is all around. (The Granger Collection, New York) Pacific non-Strategy • No strategy led to a two pronged focus – Douglas MacArthur – Philippines – Chester Nimitz- Central Pacific • Iwo Jima • Okinawa • strategic bombing – fire bombing of Tokyo and civilians (more die in 1 day than by A bombs) • "unconditional surrender" American troops attempt to secure a beachhead on a Pacific island. American troops wade ashore at Butaritari in the Gilbert Islands, November 1943. "Flag raising on Iwo Jima." Joe Rosenthal, AP, February 23, 1945 NARA Still Picture Branch Atomic Power and the Japanese Surrender • Manhattan Project – Albert Einstein – Los Alamos, New Mexico – Harry S. Truman (WW I vet) • Wanted to save American lives as 1st priority • The U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan in August 1945, forcing the Japanese to surrender. • Hiroshima (1945) • Nagasaki (1945) Hiroshima after the atomic bomb was dropped on August 6, 1945 Map: The War in East Asia and the Pacific The War in East Asia and the Pacific After a series of conquests in 1941 and 1942, the Japanese were forced gradually to fall back before advancing U.S. forces. When the war abruptly ended in August 1945, however, the Japanese still controlled much of the territory they had conquered. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Atomic bombing of Nagasaki Atomic bombing of Nagasaki When this photo of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki was taken on August 9, 1945, from an observation plane 6 miles up, 35,000 people on the ground had died. (By courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum) Hiroshima survivor remembers Hiroshima survivor remembers Yasuko Yamagata was 17-years-old when she saw the brilliant blue-white "lightning flash" that became a fiery orange ball consuming everything that would burn. Thirty years later Yamagata painted this scene, her most unforgettable memory of the atomic attack on Hiroshima. An incinerated woman, poised as if running, her baby clutched to her breast, lies near a water tank piled high with charred corpses. Conclusion • Hitler gave the world a glimpse of the modern totalitarian state. – The Nazis gave an illustration of how a nation’s people can be manipulated under the appropriate economic and social consequences.