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Unit 9 – Origins of the Cold War Ch 21 and Ch 25 Sec 1 Cold War Korean War Red Scare Potsdam - United Nations McCarthyism Germany Divided - 38th Parallel loyalty oaths satellite nations - D. MacArthur repression of Civil Rights Iron Curtain - results “duck and cover” containment Vietnam Conflict fallout shelters Truman Doctrine - Ho Chi Minh “more bang for the buck” Marshall Plan - France rise in defense spending Berlin Airlift - Domino Theory Mutual Assured Destruction NATO - Dien Bien Phu Hydrogen Bomb Warsaw Pact - 17th Parallel Nuclear Testing United Nations Rosenbergs China / Taiwan HUAC (R. Nixon) Rebuilding Japan Sputnik National Defense Education Act Chambers v. Hiss White = Lecture Notes U-2 Incident Yellow = Reading Quiz Notes Extra Credit for th 4 You will be reading the book “Warriors Don’t Cry” which is a first hand account of the integration of Little Rock’s Central High School in 1957. On February 25th (Wed) you will be answering an essay question in class on the book. You will be allowed to bring in a 3x5 index card with notes that you may want to take on the book to use on the essay. This will count as either…. a test grade OR a Double RQ grade (depending on which helps more) 6-Weeks Review of Unit 8 Test A look back at the thirteen most commonly missed questions from the World War II test…. 2. The poster was most likely made after what event of World War II? a. The Attack on Pearl Harbor b. The Battle of Midway c. The American Surrender at Bataan d. The Bombing of Hiroshima 2. The poster was most likely made after what event of World War II? a. The Attack on Pearl Harbor b. The Battle of Midway c. The American Surrender at Bataan d. The Bombing of Hiroshima “March of Death” and “Philippines” would both hint towards the Bataan Death March 3. Where would someone most likely find the poster hanging in the 1940s? a. in an American factory producing weapons b. on an American military base in Europe c. on a US navy ship in the Pacific d. in a peasant’s home in Stalingrad 3. Where would someone most likely find the poster hanging in the 1940s? a. in an American factory producing weapons b. on an American military base in Europe c. on a US navy ship in the Pacific d. in a peasant’s home in Stalingrad 7. A key to the American success at Midway was a. the use of new sonar and radar technology b. breaking the Japanese Navy’s secret code c. the use of long-range B-25 bombers launched from aircraft carriers d. American submarines 7. A key to the American success at Midway was a. the use of new sonar and radar technology b. breaking the Japanese Navy’s secret code c. the use of long-range B-25 bombers launched from aircraft carriers d. American submarines Using the machine “JADE” enabled the Americans to break the Japanese code and let them know when the attack was coming so it would take away the surprise that Japan thought it had achieved similar to Pearl Harbor. a) Sonar and radar was available at Pearl Harbor b) B-25s took off for the Doolittle Raid d) Submarines had been around since World War I TAKS 8. *The Battle of Midway was a crucial victory for the United States because it – a. dealt a severe blow to the Japanese navy b. was the last sea battle of the war with Japan c. was fought on Japanese territory d. destroyed Japan’s will to continue fighting TAKS 8. *The Battle of Midway was a crucial victory for the United States because it – a. dealt a severe blow to the Japanese navy b. was the last sea battle of the war with Japan c. was fought on Japanese territory d. destroyed Japan’s will to continue fighting Midway = the turning point of the war in the Pacific with the sinking of four Japanese aircraft carriers B and D) The war with Japan continued for three years C) Midway was closer to Hawaii NOT Japan ____10. The first battle that the United States took part in against Nazi Germany was in a. North Africa c. Sicily b. Stalingrad d. Normandy ____10. The first battle that the United States took part in against Nazi Germany was in a. North Africa c. Sicily b. Stalingrad d. Normandy The US wanted to attack Germany where it was weakest (its “periphery”) and that was North Africa B) Was a battle between the Germans and Russians C) Was the “soft underbelly” AFTER North Africa D) Was D-Day that opened a second front AFTER North Africa, and Italy ____11. In order to ensure that military supplies reached their troops overseas, the United States used ____to transport goods. a. battleships c. convoys b. cruise ships d. aircraft carriers ____11. In order to ensure that military supplies reached their troops overseas, the United States used ____to transport goods. a. battleships c. convoys b. cruise ships d. aircraft carriers A convoy is a group of cargo ships protected by navy ships used to get supplies from the US to Europe A) Are not used to transport goods (heavy guns) B) Are used for vacations not cargo D) Are used to transport planes from different theaters of war ____13. Which battle in World War II was the first to force Germany to go on the defensive? a. Normandy b. Battle of the Bulge c. Sicily d. Stalingrad ____13. Which battle in World War II was the first to force Germany to go on the defensive? a. Normandy b. Battle of the Bulge c. Sicily d. Stalingrad Stalingrad was the turning point of the war in Europe when the harsh Russian winter helped hold back the German offensive. A and C) Both put Germany on the defensive but happened well after Stalingrad B) Was the last OFFENSIVE attack by the Germans which happened on the Western Front after Normandy The first atomic bomb ever detonated in the world was at a. Hiroshima c. Berlin b. Trinity d. Nagasaki The first atomic bomb ever detonated in the world was at a. Hiroshima c. Berlin b. Trinity d. Nagasaki Trinity, New Mexico was the first testing site for a nuclear explosion A) Hiroshima – first Japanese city hit by atomic bomb C) Berlin – surrendered before the bomb was available D) Nagasaki – second Japanese city hit by atomic bomb TAKS 34. *The significance of the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, was that it – a. caused the Soviet Union to join the war against Germany b. liberated Paris from German control c. opened a second major front in the war in Europe d. forced Germany to surrender immediately TAKS 34. *The significance of the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, was that it – a. caused the Soviet Union to join the war against Germany b. liberated Paris from German control c. opened a second major front in the war in Europe d. forced Germany to surrender immediately Stalingrad was the turning point of the war in Europe when the harsh Russian winter helped hold back the German offensive. A) Soviets joined as a result of Germany invading them B) Paris liberation happened several months AFTER D) The war would continue for almost a year after D-Day ____39. The last offensive attack launched by the German armies in World War II was during a. the Battle of the Bulge b. Operation Overlord c. Victory Gardens d. Battle of Kasserine Pass ____39. The last offensive attack launched by the German armies in World War II was during a. the Battle of the Bulge b. Operation Overlord c. Victory Gardens d. Battle of Kasserine Pass The Battle of the Bulge was the German’s last gasp effort on the Western Front after Paris was liberated B) Operation Overlord was D-Day and the Germans were on the defensive C) Victory Gardens is a fictional battle name D) Battle of Kasserine Pass was in North Africa 1942 ____42. What was the significance of the American victory at Iwo Jima in February of 1945? a. It was the same day that Germany surrendered b. It was the final battle in the Pacific c. It was the first time American troops landed on Japanese soil d. It put American bombers within range of hitting mainland Japan ____42. What was the significance of the American victory at Iwo Jima in February of 1945? a. It was the same day that Germany surrendered b. It was the final battle in the Pacific c. It was the first time American troops landed on Japanese soil d. It put American bombers within range of hitting mainland Japan Iwo Jima put the B-29 bomber within range to allow the firebombing of Tokyo and the dropping of atomic bombs A) Germany surrendered in May 1945 B) We would continue hopping islands into Okinawa C) Iwo Jima was 250 miles away from mainland Japan ____48. All of the following are reasons in FAVOR of dropping an atomic weapon on Japan to end the war EXCEPT? a. It would save both American and Japanese lives b. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were both military targets c. Revenge for Pearl Harbor and the Bataan Death March d. It would show to the rest of the world the power of the United States ____48. All of the following are reasons in FAVOR of dropping an atomic weapon on Japan to end the war EXCEPT? a. It would save both American and Japanese lives b. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were both military targets c. Revenge for Pearl Harbor and the Bataan Death March d. It would show to the rest of the world the power of the United States Hiroshima and Nagasaki were chosen because they had not been bombed yet, so we could measure damage All of the others are reasons in favor of it ____49. All of the following are reasons AGAINST dropping an atomic weapon on Japan to end the war EXCEPT? a. Japan had already offered the same terms for surrender that were later accepted b. Once the Soviet Union declared war on Japan as promised, they would surrender c. It would allow America to return to a policy of isolationism after the war d. It was inhumane to target civilians for a military experiment ____49. All of the following are reasons AGAINST dropping an atomic weapon on Japan to end the war EXCEPT? a. Japan had already offered the same terms for surrender that were later accepted b. Once the Soviet Union declared war on Japan as promised, they would surrender c. It would allow America to return to a policy of isolationism after the war d. It was inhumane to target civilians for a military experiment It would NOT allow America to return to isolationism All of the others are in fact reasons AGAINST dropping it Review for Unit 9 “The Origins of the Cold War” Test Practice Questions and Study Aides continued on next slide Chapter Objectives Section 1: Origins of the Cold War • Explain the growing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. • Identify the goals of Stalin’s foreign policy immediately after the war. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ B 1. the political and military barrier that isolated Sovietcontrolled countries of Eastern Europe after World War II __ A 2. the ideological and often confrontational conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1990 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. Cold War B. iron curtain Reviewing Themes Global Connections At Yalta, what agreement did the “Big Three” come to about Germany’s future after World War II? Germany was divided into four zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Truman Takes Control (cont.) Why did Stalin have to accept Truman’s proposal at Potsdam? American and British troops controlled Germany’s industrial center, and Soviets would be unable to receive any reparations unless they cooperated. (pages 657–658) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Checking for Understanding (cont.) Reviewing Facts Why did tensions grow between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II? Each country had different goals for Germany and Eastern Europe. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts How did Stalin’s postwar foreign policy goals add to the growing tensions between the United States and the USSR? Stalin’s push for German reparations and for a Communist government in Poland conflicted with United States desire for democracy in Poland and economic recovery for Germany. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Objectives Section 2: The Early Cold War Years • Describe the American view of the Soviet Union and the policy of containment. • Explain the causes of the Korean War. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ A 1. the policy or process of preventing the expansion of a hostile power __ B 2. a war fought with limited commitment of resources to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. containment B. limited war Containing Communism (cont.) Why did George Kennan think containment would beat communism? Kennan felt the Soviet system had major economic and political weaknesses. If the United States could stop the Soviets from expanding, Kennan felt the Soviet system would crumble without going to war. (pages 659–661) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Themes Global Connections What long-term Cold War strategy did the United States follow? The United States followed the policy of containing communism through international aid, diplomacy, and a strong military. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Themes: Global Connections How did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan cause the United States to change its foreign policy goal of isolationism? They highlighted the possibility of Communist influence in Turkey, Greece, and Europe, resulting in the containment policy and increased foreign aid. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Checking for Understanding (cont.) Review Facts How did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan address the spread of communism? Under these, the United States would help any country fight against communism and would help rebuild economies to strengthen the resistance to communism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Berlin Crisis (cont.) Why was NATO created? It was created by 12 countries, including the United States, Canada, and several Western European countries, as a mutual defense alliance in order to help maintain peace in Europe. (pages 661–662) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) Why were NATO and the Warsaw Pact formed? NATO was formed to maintain peace and freedom for European nations, and the Warsaw Pact was formed to achieve Soviet foreign policy goals. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Cold War Spreads to East Asia (cont.) Why did the United States change its policies toward Japan? With the establishment of Communist China, the United States lost China as its ally in Asia. So the U.S. changed its policies toward Japan and encouraged the rapid recovery of Japan’s industrial economy because it saw Japan as the key to defending Asia. (pages 662–663) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Korean War (cont.) Why did Truman refuse MacArthur’s demands to expand the war into China? Truman did not want to expand the war into China or use the atomic bomb. Truman remained committed to a limited war to contain communism. (pages 663–665) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking (cont.) Evaluating How did the Korean War affect American domestic and international policy? In terms of domestic policy, it reinforced the idea of containment and greater military readiness. In terms of international policy, it brought the Cold War to Asia and led to United States defense agreements with Asian countries. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Objectives Section 1: The United States Focuses on Vietnam • Describe the nationalist motives of Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh. • Explain the origins of American involvement in Vietnam during the 1950s. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ B 1. member of an armed band that carries out surprise attacks and sabotage rather than open warfare __ A 2. the belief that if one nation in Asia fell to the Communists, neighboring countries would follow Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. domino theory B. guerrilla Front Four Question #1 Who was Ho Chi Minh and what were his goals for Vietnam? Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese nationalist who wanted Vietnam to be a united independent nation which meant liberating Vietnam from France after World War II. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Front Four Question #1 Explain the goals of the Vietminh. The Vietminh fought for independence first from Japan, then from France. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Front Four Question #2 What two events convinced President Truman to help France maintain control of Vietnam after World War II and why did President Eisenhower continue this policy? China falling to the communists and the Korean War convinced President Truman that Vietnam was vital to his containment policy, and Eisenhower continued this justification with “The Domino Theory” Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Early American Involvement in Vietnam (cont.) Which two events convinced Truman to help France? The two events were the fall of China to communism and the outbreak of the Korean War. It showed Americans that the Soviet Union was beginning a major push for communism in East Asia. (pages 772–774) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Front Four Question #3 What were the results of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954? Despite American assistance in aid, the French were defeated by the Vietminh which meant that free elections were to be held in Vietnam to determine its future. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Vietminh Drive Out the French (cont.) What were the provisions of the Geneva Accords? Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel with Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh in control of North Vietnam, and a pro-Western regime in control of the South led by Ngo Dinh Diem. In 1956 elections were to be held to reunite the country under a single government. The Accords also recognized Cambodia’s independence. (pages 774–775) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Front Four Question #4 According to the Geneva Accords, Vietnam was suppose to hold elections in 1956, but why did the United States and South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem refuse to? The Americans were not confident that actual free election would be held in communist controlled North Vietnam. More importantly, even if free election were held, the U.S. feared that Ho Chi Minh would win election. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Interpreting Why do you think the United States supported the government of Ngo Dinh Diem? He was pro-Western and anti-communist. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Themes Government and Democracy Why did Ngo Dinh Diem refuse to hold countrywide elections in Vietnam in 1956? He feared he would lose to the Vietnamese Communist party. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts How did President Eisenhower defend American policy in Vietnam? President Eisenhower defended involvement in Vietnam by stressing the domino theory and the need to stop the spread of communism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Ch 25 Sec 1 Review Chapter Objectives Section 3: The Cold War and American Society • Describe the new Red Scare. • Discuss how American society reflected fears of the nuclear age. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A New Red Scare (cont.) Why did the hunt for Communist spies increase with the Soviet Union’s production of the atomic bomb? Many believed that the Soviet Union could not have produced the atomic bomb without help. The belief was that American Communists must have sold secrets of the atomic bomb to the Soviets. (pages 668–670) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. “A Conspiracy So Immense” (cont.) Why were people afraid to challenge McCarthy and his tactics? People were afraid to challenge McCarthy because they feared McCarthy would accuse them of being Communists. (pages 671–673) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Life During the Early Cold War (cont.) How did Americans prepare for an atomic attack? American schools had bomb shelters and held bomb drills. Some families built fallout shelters in their backyards and filled them with canned food. (pages 673–674) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Checking for Understanding (cont.) Explain the goals of Project Venona. The goals of Project Verona were to crack the Soviet spy code and confirm Soviet spying. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Themes Civic Rights and Responsibilities How did McCarthyism and the Red Scare change American society and government? While people were enjoying postwar prosperity and optimism, they feared communism and an atomic attack. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Interpreting Why did McCarthy initially receive a lot of support for his efforts to expose Communists? People feared communism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What were the effects of the new Red Scare on federal employees? Federal employees faced stricter screening and termination if they were suspected of being disloyal. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. No. Few Communists were actually found. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Objectives Section 4: Eisenhower’s Policies • Evaluate Eisenhower’s military policy known as the “New Look.” • Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhower’s foreign policy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ D 1. not openly shown or engaged in A. massive retaliation __ F 2. an informal relationship that some people believe exits between the military and the defense industry to promote greater military spending and influence government policy B. brinkmanship __ B 3. the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. D. covert E. developing nation F. military-industrial complex Checking for Understanding (cont.) Reviewing Facts What was the significance of the Soviet Union’s launching of Sputnik in 1957? It stunned Americans and led to the creation of NASA and the passage of the NDEA. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Eisenhower’s “New Look” (cont.) Why did Eisenhower feel a strong economy would win the Cold War? Eisenhower felt that the United States needed to show that free enterprise would produce a more prosperous society than communism. Economic prosperity would also prevent Communists from gaining support in the United States, protecting the U.S. from subversion. (pages 675–677) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Themes Science and Technology How did technology shape Eisenhower’s military policy? It allowed him to pursue the policy of brinkmanship since the nuclear arsenal was a real threat. It also allowed covert operations in Iran and Guatemala. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Continuing Tensions (cont.) What happened when the Soviet Union shot down an American U-2 spy plane? Eisenhower first claimed it was a weather plane that had strayed off course. Khrushchev dramatically produced the pilot, and after Eisenhower refused to apologize, Khrushchev stopped the summit in Paris. (page 680) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What was President Eisenhower’s “new look” for the military? Eisenhower favored the use of atomic weapons, instead of maintaining a large and expensive army. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Close Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhower’s foreign policy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ B 1. the political and military barrier that isolated Sovietcontrolled countries of Eastern Europe after World War II A. Cold War B. iron curtain C. limited war D. subversion __ G 2. a shelter built with the intent to house and protect people from nuclear fallout E. perjury F. censure __ D 3. a systematic attempt to overthrow a government by using persons working secretly from within G. fallout shelter H. brinkmanship I. covert __ J 4. a nation whose economy is primarily agricultural J. developing nation Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ C 5. a war fought with limited commitment of resources to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism A. Cold War B. iron curtain C. limited war D. subversion __ I 6. not openly shown or engaged in E. perjury __ F 7. to express a formal disapproval of an action F. censure G. fallout shelter H. brinkmanship I. covert J. developing nation __ A 8. the ideological and often confrontational conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1990 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ H 9. the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down __ E 10. lying when one has sworn under oath to tell the truth Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. Cold War B. iron curtain C. limited war D. subversion E. perjury F. censure G. fallout shelter H. brinkmanship I. covert J. developing nation