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World War II
Global Conditions between
WWI and WWII
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After WWI, countries looked to America for economic help
The stock market crash started a global depression.
There was a 50% decrease in world trade during the 1930’s.
Totalitarianism, fascism, and dictatorships are on the rise in Europe
and Asia as a result of these hard times.
• Strong leaders thrive in these conditions.
Franco’s Rise to Power and the
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
The famous painting Guernica by Pablo Picasso
Spanish Civil War
• Franco and the Fascists vs.
• Nationalists = rebels
• Conservative
• Strongly supported by
Germany and Italy
The• Loyalists = current Republic
government
• Liberal
• Had a little support from the US,
USSR, and the International
Brigade, but not much
(British/French/US isolationism)
Road to War: Asia 1931-1945
• Japan seizes Manchuria in September 1931
– Japanese government controlled by militarists
• Mao’s Long March occurred in 1934
• Japanese invaded mainland China in 1937
– Rape of Nanjing occurred winter of 1937-1938
– Chiang Kai-shek retreated into western China
– Mao’s communist forces led guerilla warfare in East
• Japan occupied French Indo-China in 1940
War Fronts
Timeline of German Aggression
• 1921 - takes control of the National Socialist Party (a.k.a.
the Nazis)
• 1923 - attempts Putsch (seizure of government) and fails;
lands in jail, where he writes Mein Kampf
• 1933 - becomes Germany’s Chancellor
– Begins passing restrictive laws for Jews
– Germany leaves League of Nations
– Dachau opens
• 1934 - German president dies; Hitler takes over
• 1936 - Takes back the Rhineland (forbidden!)
• 1937 - Hitler renounces Treaty of Versailles
• 1938 - Munich Pact - gives Hitler Czechoslovakia
• 1939 - Non-aggression Pact with USSR
Road to War: Europe 1933-1939
• Hitler withdraws Germany from the League of Nations in 1933
• Hitler annexes German inhabited regions of Austria and
Czechoslovakia in 1938
– Europe follows policy of appeasement at Munich Conference in 1938
• Nazi-Soviet Pact signed August 23, 1939
– Stalin and Hitler agree to divide Poland
• Germany invades Poland on Sept. 1, 1939
World War II: European Theater
• World War I was a defensive war; World War II was an offensive war
– Blitzkrieg led Germany’s easy conquest of Poland, Belgium, France, et al.
– Mobilized massive amounts of human and natural resources from around the
globe
– Citizens viewed as legitimate targets for war
• War for oil?
– German army attempted to seize Suez Canal
– German army besieged Stalingrad
World War II: European Theater
World War II: Pacific Theater
• After Japan occupied French Indo-China, the U.S. and Britain stopped
shipments of steel, iron, and oil to Japan
– Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941
• Japan quickly conquered Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands
• Battle of Midway marked a turning point
– Japan lost 4 of its 6 largest aircraft carriers
– Japan’s productivity was one-tenth of U.S.
World War II: Pacific Theater
Major Turning Points in the
European War
A. Battle of Stalingrad - Using the
cold weather to their advantage,
the Soviets managed to stop
Germany’s advance into their
country.
B. Operation Overlord - Led by
General Eisenhower, the Allies
landed on the shores of
Normandy France to re-take
France from German control (aka
D-Day, June 6th, 1944)
C. The Battle of the Bulge - Allied forces break Germany’s ability to be
offensive
D. “East Meets West” - The German’s are now on the run from the Soviet
forces on the Eastern Front and from the Anglo-American forces on
the Western Front. Eventually Berlin is taken by the Soviets.
End of War: European Theater
• Three major allied offensives
– After victory at Stalingrad, Soviets begin counteroffensive in 1943
– Allies invaded Sicily in July 1943
– Invasion of Normandy (D-Day) June 6,1944
• Hitler commits suicide on April 28, 1945
• Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945
Major Turning Points in the Pacific War
A. The Battle of Coral Sea - Thanks to a broken code, the U.S.
destroyed several vital Japanese carriers
B. The Battle of Midway - Involved planes trying to sink the
other’s battleships; a victory and turning point for the
Allies; Japan was now on the defensive!
C. As the U.S. got closer to the main island of Japan, fighting
got more brutal as was seen in Okinawa
D. After some debate, the U.S. decided to use the
atomic bomb developed in the secretive Manhattan
Project
E. Harry S. Truman used the Atomic bombs
F. Japan to surrender on Sept. 2, 1945.
End of the War: Pacific Theater
• U.S. strategy of “island-hopping” by-passed heavily fortified islands to
get closer to Japan
• Bombing raids of Japan began June 1944
– 40% of Tokyo was destroyed
• U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and
Nagasaki (August 9)
• Japan surrendered August 14, 1945
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Effects of War
• 60 million dead
– Six to eight times more than World War I
– Over half the dead were civilians victims of massacres, famines, and bombs
– Russia lost 25 million; China 15 million; Poland 6 million; Germany 4
million
• World flooded with refugees
– 90 million fled China
– Most refugees never returned home
War of Science
• New inventions: synthetic rubber,
radar, antibiotics
• Military advances: airplanes, tanks,
weapons, etc.
– Nazi V-2 missiles
• Atomic bomb
The Holocaust
• Nuremburg Laws passed in 1935
• German and Polish Jews eventually moved to ghettos or work camps
• Final Solution starts in 1942
– Applied modern industrial methods to the slaughter of human beings
• Killed 6 million Jews and millions of Poles, gypsies, homosexuals,
physical and mentally handicapped
The Holocaust
Warsaw
Ghetto
Riots
Ovens at
Auschwitz
Prison
Labor
Liberation
of Dachau
Home Front in Europe & Asia
• No clear distinction between “front” and “home front”
• Soviet Union dismantled 1500 factories and rebuilt them in Ural
Mountains
• Russian women took over 50% of industrial jobs and 75% of
agricultural jobs
• German women were encouraged to stay home and have children
– Imported 7 million “guest workers”
Home Front in the United States
• U.S. economy experienced prolonged boom after 1940
• Women and minorities were recruited for factory jobs
– 6 million women enter workforce
– 1.2 million African-Americans migrate north looking for work
• Japanese were placed in internment camps
Women in World War II
U.S. Propaganda
U.S. Propaganda
Decolonization
Defeat of European “masters” & brutal treatment by Japanese conquerors inspired
nationalism
FDR – Atlantic Charter “right of the people to choose the form of gvt. under which
they live.”
USSR condemned colonialism & provided support to nationalist campaign
India
I. Quit India Movement – Gandhi pushed or independence “Do or Die” non violence passive
resistance
Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded separate Muslim state
-thousands supported movement; fear of discrimination from Indian majority
II. 1947 Britain handed independence to majority party in India with partition of India –Pakistan
Regardless of dual state—riot and killing by religious fanatics
-Gandhi killed 1/30/1948
Philippines: US granted independence 7/4/1946 Treaty of Manila
-President Diosdado Macapagal proclaimed 6/12 as Independence day; 7/4 = Philippines
Republic Day
Africa
Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah formed “Convention People’s Party”
-organized mass rallies, boycotts, & strikes
Reason: govt. control market board favored British merchants
1957- Ghana free with Nkrumah as prime minister
Senegal and Ivory Coast– wanted to keep culture ties with France
-slow concession given due to war in Indo-China
By 1960 all French colonies in West Africa free
Belgium free Congo in 1960
Algeria, Kenya, South Rhodesia different due to permanent European settlements
Result: Bloodshed by nationalist movements
I. Kenya: Jumo Kenyatta (Kenya African Union) formed “Land Freedom Army”
-campaign of terror and guerilla warfare against British settlers
(Mau Mau –anti colonial rebellions)
Result in full war by Britain: rebellion curshed; Kenyatta captured
-Free in 1963 with Kenyatta as spokeman for Kenyans
II. Algeria: (seen by French as apart of France)
National Liberation Front –organized by Arabs and Berbers
Secrete Army Organization (OAS)-French nationalist campaign to crush rebellion;
Algeria gained independence in 1962
III. South Africa : Politic dominated by racist supremacist Afrikaners
-Afrikaner Nationalist Party formed in 1930
*Apartheid created in 1948 (police state)
“Segregation and racist policies to ensure white domination.”
Nelson Mandela “African national congress” (ANC)
-1990 President Frederik Willem de Klerk began negotiations to end apartheid
• V. Nationalism and
Decolonization
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E. Conflicting
Nationalisms:
Arabs, Israelis, and
the Palestinian
Question
Arab
nations
The Partition
of Palestine After World War II
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Most independent
by 1960s