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Unit 11 World War II 1939-1945 (world) 1941-1945 (U.S.) 5 Treaty of Versailles – Review The Treaty: • Forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war. • Imposed huge reparations upon Germany. The Treaty aimed at weakening Germany by: • Limited the size of the German military to 100,000 total • No tanks, heavy artillery, airplanes, submarines, or draft • Must return Alsace and Lorraine to France • Removed hundreds of miles of territory from Germany • Stripped Germany of its overseas colonies 5 Treaty of Versailles – Review The treaty also chopped up and created new countries The Germans signed the treaty because they had no choice Germans resentment of the Treaty of Versailles poisoned the international climate for 20 years 5 Dictators and Warlords Benito Mussolini’s rise to power Made Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 by King Victor Emmanuel III on the promise to return economic prosperity and build a new “Roman Empire”. In theory, Italy remained a parliamentary monarchy. In practice, Italy became a dictatorship upheld by terror. Mussolini formed the Fascist Party. 5 Dictators and Warlords Adolf Hitler’s rise to power Fought in the German army in World War I. In 1919, he joined a small group of right-wing extremists. Within a year, he was leader of the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi Party. In 1923, he made a failed attempt to seize power in Munich, and was imprisoned for treason. 5 Dictators and Warlords Adolf Hitler’s rise to power In prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”). • It later became the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology. Nazi membership grew to almost a million. In 1933, Hitler was made Chancellor (Prime Minister) of Germany. Within a year, Hitler was master of Germany. He made Germany a one-party state and purged his own party. Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Dictators & Warlords Benito Mussolini (Italy) Adolf Hitler (Germany) In September 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain thought he had Adolf Hitler’s promise of peace. Chamberlain holds the paper containing the resolution to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from Germany at Croydon Airport in September 1938. He said: My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time. Dictators & Warlords Emperor Hirohito (Japan) Dictators & Warlords Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) 5 Dictators and Warlords August 1939 Germany and Soviet Union signed agreement to remain friends September 1, 1939 Hitler’s troops invaded Poland • Beginning of World War II War in Europe Germans used the Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”) Quick, surprise attacks – depended on enemy unpreparedness and inability to react swiftly. Planes bombed airfields, factories, towns and cities, firing on troops and civilians; then sent in troops and tanks. Growing American Involvement When the war began in 1939, the United States declared its neutrality. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President to supply arms to those who were fighting for democracy. Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which called for the “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.” Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies. To stop Japanese aggression, the United States banned the sale of war materials to Japan. Atlantic Charter Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agreed to seek no territorial gain from the war FDR and Churchill pledged to support the “right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live.” The Atlantic Charter called for a “permanent system of general security,” such as an organization like the League of Nations. Franklin Roosevelt & Winston Churchill Pearl Harbor Because of the United States’ trade embargoes, Japan sees no option but attack. General Tojo ordered a surprise attack on the American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese planes destroy or damage 19 ships, many planes, and kill over 2400 people. It was “a day that will live in infamy.” Dec. 8, 1941, President Roosevelt asks for declaration of war. Germany and Italy as allies of Japan declare war on the US Dec. 11. In the beginning it’s not looking good for the Allies Germany, Italy and Japan form the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. These became the Axis powers. Soviet soldiers fighting in ruins of Stalingrad Island Hopping The United States began an “islandhopping” campaign. The goal of the campaign was to recapture some Japaneseheld islands while bypassing others. The captured islands served as steppingstones to the next objective. In this way, American forces gradually moved north to Japan itself. General Douglas MacArthur “island-hopping” campaign Benito Mussolini Gen. Dwight Eisenhower Adolf Hitler Death of Benito Mussolini Defeat of Japan After victory in Europe, full attention was given to the Pacific. US was winning battles and destroying Japanese air force and navy but the Japanese kept fighting. Invasion vs. The Bomb Estimated an invasion would cost 1 million casualties. Japan had been using Kamikaze since 1944pilots who undertook suicide missions. Japan would not surrender easily. Japanese “kamikaze” zero about to hit USS Missouri The Atomic Bomb Military leaders planned for an invasion while scientists developed an new bomb – the atomic bomb. President Truman (FDR died while in office) meets with advisers and decides to use the bomb instead of an invasion. They issued a warning to Japan to surrender or face “utter and complete destruction.” Japan ignores the deadline. The Atomic Bomb Dropping the atomic bomb brought a quick end to the war. It also unleashed terrifying destruction. Why did President Truman use the atomic bomb? Truman was convinced that Japan would not surrender without an invasion that would result in enormous losses of both American and Japanese lives. Truman also may have hoped that the bomb would impress the Soviet Union with American power. 4 World War II in the Pacific Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 6, 1945, US plane the Enola Gay drops an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. Four square miles flattened and over 70,000 people killed instantly. August 9, a second bomb is dropped on Nagasaki. Over 40,000 people die. Little Boy and Fat Man USS Missouri Japanese unconditional surrender ceremony ending WWII September 2, 1945 Japanese unconditional surrender ceremony ending WWII: Sept. 2, 1945 PEARL HARBOR