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■Essential Question: –What factors led the United States to shift from isolation in the 1920s & 1930s to an active war participant by 1941? ■Warm-Up Question: –What caused World War 2? –How do these factors compare to the reasons for the outbreak of World War 1? American Isolationism & Foreign Policy in the 1920s & 1930s Foreign Policy in the 1920s & 1930s ■After WWI, the U.S. assumed a selective isolationist foreign policy –Americans wanted to maintain the economic boom of the 1920s & desperate for an answer to the depression in the 1930s –But, the U.S. did play an active role in attempts at international disarmament & economic stability In 1924, Hoover negotiated a reduction in The U.S. Foreign Debt Commission Foreign Policy: Economic Policy German debt, anportion extended canceled a large of time theseperiod debts, to but repay debts, &some U.S. the loans to help Germany ■In the 1920s, most divisive insisted that of the money be repaid make payments issue to France & England international was war debts: The Dawes Plan helped stabilize the the German –European nations owed U.S. economy, allowed Germany to repay the $10 billion; Attempts to reclaim Allies, and helped France & England repay these debts ledUnited to anti-American their debts to the States sentiment in Europe –When Germany could not repay $33 billion in reparations, the U.S. negotiated the Dawes Plan Foreign Policy: Economic Policy ■But the Great Depression made post-war recovery in Europe difficult in the 1930s: –The Hawley-Smoot Tariff in 1930 limited European attempts to sell their goods in the U.S. –The U.S. was unable to provide loans, leaving Germany unable to repay reparations & Europe unable to repay its war debts The USA, England, Japan, Italy, & France Foreign Policy: International Peace But, The neither Nine-Power the NineTreaty or Four-Power reaffirmed Acts England, USA, Japan, France signed the Foursigned the Five-Power Treaty & agreed to limit had provisions the Chinese to enforce Open-Door these Policy agreements ■The USA never joined the League Power Treaty to collective construction ofagreeing battleships & aircraft security carriers of Nations, but did play a role in attempts to avoid future wars: –At the Washington Disarmament Conference in 1921, world leaders agreed to disarmament, free trade, & collective security –In 1928, almost every nation, including the USA, signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as a tool of foreign policy Foreign Policy: International Peace ■These agreements did not last: –Japan needed raw materials to continue its industrial expansion –Japan began to create an Asian empire by attacking Manchuria in 1931 & China in 1937 –In both occasions, the League of Nations reprimanded Japan but chose no punitive measures Totalitarian Regimes: Hideki Tojo & Emperor Hirohito In 1937,Japan Japanese pilots bombed the USS Panay, Invades Manchuria a U.S. gunboat stationed in China, killing 3 Americans. The U.S. accepted Japan's apology & promise against future attacks Unlike the USS Maine or Lusitania, few Americans called for war against Japan Totalitarian Regimes: Benito Mussolini Totalitarian Regimes: Hitler The Munich Pact “Peace in our time” Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Foreign Policy: International Peace ■In the 1930s, FDR & Congress were preoccupied with the Great Depression to adequately plan for new world conflicts involving totalitarian dictators ■The rising threat of war in Europe & Asia strengthened Americans’ desire to avoid involvement in another world war Foreign Policy: Citizen Attitudes ■In the 1920s & 1930s, most Americans wanted to avoid another “meaningless war” –Munitions makers & bankers were labeled “merchants of death” & were blamed forRoad to Historian Walter Millis’ America’s WarAmerican blamed Wilson & British propaganda involvement in WWI for “duping” the U.S. into WWI –Passivism swept across college campuses; Students staged “walk-outs” & anti-war rallies The “Lost Generation” All Quiet on the Western Front portrayed WWI as brutal The Neutrality of 1935 banned The Act Neutrality Acts arms sales to nations at war & warned citizens to sail on belligerent ■The not “merchants of death”ships charges The were Neutrality 1936Dakota banned Senator led Act by of North loans to any warring nation Gerald Nye from 1934 to 1936: The Neutrality Act of 1937 made the the Nye&Committee 1935–Reaction & 1936 acts to permanent required all trade to beled on atocash & carry basis to report popular support avoid making the same mistakes that led America to enter WW1 –Congress passed 3 neutrality acts to avoid future wars ■Essential Question: –How did the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor alter the course of World War 2? ■Reading Quiz Ch 25A (888-904) The Road Towards American Intervention From Neutrality to Undeclared War But…FDR was able to get $1 billion ■As Europe headed toward war, from Congress to expand the U.S. navy FDR openly expressed his favor for intervention & took steps to ready the U.S. for war –In 1937, FDR unsuccessfully tried to convince world leaders to “quarantine the aggressors” –Everything changed in 1939 with the Nazi-Soviet Pact & the German invasion of Poland From Neutrality to Undeclared War “The destroyer-for-bases deal is the most ■When WW2 began in“merchants 1939, of Still attempting to avoid more important action in the reinforcement of death” in the banking our national defense thataindustry has been&taken Congress imposed cash carry since the Louisiana Purchase” policy to aid the Allies: —FDR –The U.S. would trade with the FDR responded with all-out aid to Based upon the Neutrality Acts Allies but would not offer loans the Alliesofbut did not call for war 1935-1937 –The U.S. would not deliver American products to Europe ■In addition, FDR traded 50 old Still destroyers attempting towith avoidEngland losing American for 8 lives at sea by German submarines naval bases in Western Europe From Neutrality to Undeclared War “The future of western Isolationistscivilization Interventionists is being decided Groups like the ■ Were appalled by the■battlefield upon of Europe” Committee to —CDAAA chair, William this departure from Allen White Defend America by neutrality & FDR’s Aiding the Allies involvement of the called for unlimited U.S. in foreign war aid to England ■ Their “fortress of ■ They argued that America” idea St. Louis that Dispatch headline: the events in argued “Dictator Roosevelt Europe did impact Germany was not Commits Act of War” a threat to the U.S. the security of U.S. From Neutrality to Undeclared War ■By 1940, “interventionists” had the majority of American public sentiment on their side: –in 1940, Congress appropriated $10 billion for preparedness –FDR called for America’s first ever peacetime draft –In the election of 1940, FDR was overwhelmingly elected for an unprecedented 3rd term From Neutrality to Undeclared War ■By 1940, England remained the only active opposition to Hitler but was running out of money ■FDR called for a Lend-Lease Act: –U.S. can sell or lend war supplies to Allied nations –Congress put $7 billion to allow England full access to U.S. arms U.S. Cash and Carry Program Lend-Lease Supply Routes From Neutrality to Undeclared War ■England desperately needed help escorting U.S.-made supplies through the u-boat infested Atlantic –FDR allowed for U.S. patrols in the western half of the Atlantic –German attacks on U.S. ships in 1941 led to an undeclared naval war between USA & Germany U.S. Cash and Carry Program From Neutrality to Undeclared War ■In 1941, FDR & Churchill met to secretly draft the Atlantic Charter: –The U.S. & Britain discussed a military strategy if the USA were to enter the war –They discussed post-war goals of free trade & disarmament ■In 1941, Germany broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact & invaded Russia From Neutrality to Undeclared War ■FDR brought U.S. to the brink of war & opened himself to criticism: –In Sept 1941, polls showed 80% of Americans supported remaining neutral in WW2 –FDR had to wait for the Axis to make a decisive move…which Japan delivered on Dec 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor Showdown in the Pacific Theadvantage U.S. now faced a ■Japan took full of the possible 2-ocean war… European war to expand in Asia: …but Germany was still –Attackedseen coastal China as the primary danger –Seized French & Dutch colonies in East Indies & Indochina –Signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany & Italy in 1940 ■FDR retaliated against Japan with fuel, iron, & oil sanctions The Greater East Asia-Prosperity Company Rich in Tin, Oil, Rubber Showdown in the Pacific ■In 1941, the U.S. & Japan were This wastoreally a stall tactic resolve intended unable diplomatically to hide Japanese military preparations their differences, so the USA: for an the attack onJapan Pearlwanted Harboran end U.S. wanted –Froze all Japanese assets USA Japanese removed to sanctions & in a free from China hand to China –Banned all oil sales to Japan ■Hideki Tojo sent an envoy to negotiate for a resolution…but secretly ordered an attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor On Dec 7, 1941, the U.S. naval fleet in the Pacific was crippled by the attack; 8 battleships were sunk & 2,400 Americans were killed Showdown in the Pacific ■After Pearl Harbor: –Congress declared war against Japan on Dec 8, 1941 –Italy & Germany declared war on the U.S. on Dec 11, 1941 ■American public opinion was now fully behind the war effort to defeat the fascist threat in Europe & to seek revenge against Japan