Download Warm-Up Question

■Essential Question:
–What factors led the United
States to shift from isolation in
the 1920s & 1930s to an active
war participant by 1941?
■Warm-Up Question:
–What caused World War 2?
–How do these factors compare
to the reasons for the outbreak
of World War 1?
American Isolationism
& Foreign Policy
in the 1920s & 1930s
Foreign Policy in the 1920s & 1930s
■After WWI, the U.S. assumed a
selective isolationist foreign policy
–Americans wanted to maintain
the economic boom of the 1920s
& were desperate for an answer
to the depression in the 1930s
–But, the U.S. did play an active
role in attempts at international
disarmament & economic stability
In 1924,
Hoover
negotiated
a reduction in
The
U.S.
Foreign
Debt
Commission
Foreign
Policy:
Economic
Policy
German debt,
anportion
extended
canceled
a large
of time
theseperiod
debts, to
but
repay
debts,
&some
U.S. the
loans
to
help
Germany
■In
the
1920s,
most
divisive
insisted
that
of
the
money
be repaid
make
payments issue
to France
& England
international
was
war debts:
The Dawes
Plan helped
stabilize
the the
German
–European
nations
owed
U.S.
economy,
allowed
Germany
to
repay
the
$10 billion; Attempts to reclaim
Allies, and helped France & England repay
these
debts
ledUnited
to anti-American
their debts
to the
States
sentiment in Europe
–When Germany could not repay
$33 billion in reparations, the
U.S. negotiated the Dawes Plan
European Debts toHyper-inflation
the U.S.
in
Germany by 1923
Foreign Policy: Economic Policy
■But the Great Depression made
post-war recovery in Europe
difficult in the 1930s:
–The Hawley-Smoot Tariff in
1930 limited European attempts
to sell their goods in the U.S.
–The U.S. was unable to provide
loans, leaving Germany unable
to repay reparations & Europe
unable to repay its war debts
The
USA,
England,
Japan,
Italy,
& France
Foreign
Policy:
International
Peace
But,
The
neither
Nine-Power
the
NineTreaty
or
Four-Power
reaffirmed
Acts
England,
USA,
Japan,
France
signed
the
Foursigned
the
Five-Power
Treaty
& agreed
to limit
had
provisions
the
Chinese
to
enforce
Open-Door
these
Policy
agreements
■The
USA
never
joined
the
League
Power Treaty
to collective
construction
ofagreeing
battleships
& aircraft security
carriers
of Nations, but did play a role in
attempts to avoid future wars:
–At the Washington Disarmament
Conference in 1921, world
leaders agreed to disarmament,
free trade, & collective security
–In 1928, almost every nation,
including the USA, signed the
Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing
war as a tool of foreign policy
Foreign Policy: International Peace
■These agreements did not last:
–Japan needed raw materials to
continue its industrial expansion
–Japan began to create an Asian
empire by attacking Manchuria
in 1931 & China in 1937
–In both occasions, the League
of Nations reprimanded Japan
but chose no punitive measures
Totalitarian Regimes:
Hideki Tojo & Emperor Hirohito
In 1937,Japan
Japanese
pilots bombed
the USS Panay,
Invades
Manchuria
a U.S. gunboat stationed in China, killing 3
Americans. The U.S. accepted Japan's apology &
promise against future attacks
Unlike the USS Maine or Lusitania, few
Americans called for war against Japan
Totalitarian Regimes: Benito Mussolini
Totalitarian Regimes: Hitler
The Munich Pact
“Peace in our time”
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
Foreign Policy: International Peace
■In the 1930s, FDR & Congress
were too preoccupied with the
Great Depression to adequately
plan for new world conflicts
involving totalitarian dictators
■The rising threat of war in Europe
& Asia strengthened Americans’
desire to avoid involvement in
another world war
Foreign Policy: Citizen Attitudes
■In the 1920s & 1930s, most
Americans wanted to avoid
another “meaningless war”
–Munitions makers & bankers
were labeled “merchants of
death”
& were
blamed
forRoad to
Historian
Walter
Millis’
America’s
WarAmerican
blamed Wilson
& British propaganda
involvement
in WWI
for “duping” the U.S. into WWI
–Passivism swept across college
campuses; Students staged
“walk-outs” & anti-war rallies
Veterans of FUTURE Wars
The “Lost Generation”
All Quiet on the Western Front
portrayed WWI as brutal
The Neutrality
of 1935 banned
The Act
Neutrality
Acts
arms sales to nations at war & warned
citizens
to sail on belligerent
■The not
“merchants
of death”ships
charges
The were
Neutrality
1936Dakota
banned Senator
led Act
by of
North
loans
to
any
warring
nation
Gerald Nye from 1934 to 1936:
The Neutrality Act of 1937 made
–Reaction
to the
Nye Committee
the 1935
& 1936 acts
permanent
report led to popular support to
avoid making the same mistakes
that led America to enter WW1
–Congress passed 3 neutrality
acts to avoid future wars
The Clouds of War (3.37)
■Essential Question:
–How did the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor alter the course of
World War 2?
■Reading Quiz Ch 25A (888-904)
The Road Towards
American Intervention
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
But…FDR was able to get $1 billion
■As
Europe
headed
toward
war,
from
Congress
to expand
the U.S.
navy
FDR openly expressed his favor
for intervention & took steps to
ready the U.S. for war
–In 1937, FDR unsuccessfully
tried to convince world leaders
to “quarantine the aggressors”
–Everything changed in 1939
with the Nazi-Soviet Pact & the
German invasion of Poland
The War Comes to Europe (9.11)
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
“The destroyer-for-bases deal is the most
■When
WW2
began
in“merchants
1939, of
Still
attempting
to avoid
more
important
action
in the
reinforcement
of
death”
in the
banking
our
national
defense
thataindustry
has
been&taken
Congress
imposed
cash
carry
since
the
Louisiana
Purchase”
policy to aid the Allies: —FDR
–The U.S. would trade with the
FDR
responded
with
all-out
aid
to
Which
eased
the
rigid
restrictions
of
Allies
but
would
not
offer
loans
theNeutrality
Allies but Acts
did not
call for warto
the
of 1935-1937
–The
U.S.
would
not
deliver
allow the US to aid England & France
American products to Europe
■In addition, FDR traded 50 old
Still destroyers
attempting towith
avoidEngland
losing American
for 8
lives
at
sea
by
German
submarines
naval bases in Western Europe
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
“The future of western
Isolationistscivilization
Interventionists
is being decided
Groups like
the
■ Were appalled
by the■battlefield
upon
of Europe”
Committee
to
—CDAAA
chair, William
this departure from
Allen
White
Defend
America by
neutrality & FDR’s
Aiding the Allies
involvement of the
called for unlimited
U.S. in foreign war
aid to England
■ Their “fortress of
■ They argued that
America” idea
St.
Louis that
Dispatch headline:
the events in
argued
“Dictator Roosevelt Europe did impact
Germany
was
not
Commits Act of War”
a threat to the U.S. the security of U.S.
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■By 1940, “interventionists” had
the majority of American public
sentiment on their side:
–in 1940, Congress appropriated
$10 billion for preparedness
–FDR called for America’s first
ever peacetime draft
–In the election of 1940, FDR
was overwhelmingly elected for
an unprecedented 3rd term
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■By 1940, England remained the
only active opposition to Hitler
but was running out of money
■FDR called for a Lend-Lease Act:
–U.S. can sell or lend war
supplies to Allied nations
–Congress put $7 billion to allow
England full access to U.S. arms
U.S. Cash and Carry Program
Lend-Lease Supply Routes
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■England desperately needed help
escorting U.S.-made supplies
through the u-boat infested Atlantic
–FDR allowed for U.S. patrols in
the western half of the Atlantic
–German attacks on U.S. ships in
1941 led to an undeclared naval
war between USA & Germany
U.S. Cash and Carry Program
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■In 1941, FDR & Churchill met to
secretly draft the Atlantic Charter:
–The U.S. & Britain discussed a
military strategy if the USA were
to enter the war
–They discussed post-war goals
of free trade & disarmament
■In 1941, Germany broke the
Nazi-Soviet Pact & invaded Russia
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
■FDR brought U.S. to the brink of
war & opened himself to criticism:
–In Sept 1941, polls showed
80% of Americans supported
remaining neutral in WW2
–FDR had to wait for the Axis to
make a decisive move…which
Japan delivered on Dec 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor
The U.S. Enters World War 2 (3.49)
Showdown in the Pacific
■Japan took full advantage of the
European war to expand in Asia:
–Attacked coastal China
–Seized French & Dutch colonies
in East Indies & Indochina
–Signed the Tripartite Pact with
Germany & Italy in 1940
■FDR retaliated against Japan
with fuel, iron, & oil sanctions
The Greater East Asia-Prosperity Company
Rich in Tin, Oil, Rubber
Showdown in the Pacific
■In 1941, the U.S. & Japan were
This wastoreally
a stall tactic resolve
intended
unable
diplomatically
to
hide
Japanese
military
preparations
their differences, so the USA:
for an the
attack onJapan
Pearlwanted
Harboran end
U.S. wanted
–Froze
all Japanese
assets
USA
Japanese
removed
to sanctions
& in
a free
from China
hand
to
China
–Banned all oil sales to Japan
■Hideki Tojo sent an envoy to
negotiate for a resolution…but
secretly ordered an attack on the
U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor
On Dec 7, 1941, the U.S. naval fleet in the
Pacific was crippled by the attack; 8 battleships
were sunk & 2,400 Americans were killed
Showdown in the Pacific
■After Pearl Harbor:
–Congress declared war against
Japan on Dec 8, 1941
–Italy & Germany declared war
on the U.S. on Dec 11, 1941
■American public
opinion
The U.S.
now was
faced now
a
possible
war…
fully behind the
war2-ocean
effort to
defeat the fascist
threat in
Europe
…but Germany
was
still
seen as theagainst
primary Japan
danger
& to seek revenge