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英语国家概况 The United States of America The United States of America Chapter 9 History 英 语 国 家 概 况 CONTENT I America in the Colonial Era II The War of Independence III The Civil War IV America in the 20th Century V America in the 21st Century Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press I America in the Colonial Era 1.1 Pilgrim Fathers 1.2 Boston Tea Party 1.3 The First Continental Congress Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 1.1 Pilgrim Fathers In 1620, Puritans—the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for Virginia aboard the ship Mayflower. Reason to flee from England: to avoid the religious persecution Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 1.2 Boston Tea Party In 1773, patriots staged the “Boston Tea Party” in response to the tea tax. They boarded British merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor. British Parliament then passed The Intolerable Acts: independence of the The Massachusetts colonial government was curtailed, and more British soldiers were sent to the Port of Boston. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 1.3 The First Continental Congress The First Continental Congress—September, 1774 A meeting of colonial leaders who opposed British oppression was held in Philadelphia. They urged Americans to disobey The Intolerable Acts and to boycott (抵制) British trade. At the same time, the colonists began to defend themselves. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press II The War of Independence 2.1 The Shot of Lexington 2.2 The Second Continental Congress 2.3 Declaration of Independence 2.4 Process of the War 2.5 The Establishment of the Constitution Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.1 The Shot of Lexington On April 19, British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to disarm the American militiamen. The first shot in the American War of Independence. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.2 The Second Continental Congress Held in Philadelphia in May 1775 Assume the functions of a national government • Founding Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington. • Printing paper money and opening diplomatic relations with foreign powers. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.2 The Second Continental Congress George Washington, a wealthy Virginia planter, was respected as a man of ability and integrity. • • • Once a colonel in the French and Indian War; One of the few Americans with considerable military experience; Led the continental army to the victory of the Independence War. George Washington Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.3 Declaration of Independence On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. Q.What does the Declaration of Independence tell us? A: It tells of the theory of politics, which latter is central to the Western political tradition: • • • Men has a natural right to “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness”. Government can rule only with “the consent of the governed”; Any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect the right of the people. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.3 Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was draft by Thomas Jefferson. It had two parts: The first part justified the right of people to rebel against a government that denied them their natural rights. The second part was a detailed indictment of King George for cruelties, crimes and illegal political acts against humanity and America. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.3 Declaration of Independence After being printed, the copies were sent out, broadcast and read to crowds everywhere. The document greatly encouraged the struggling people, making them think that they should be independent and have the right to enjoy liberty. They were beginning to show more interests in a common cause. Both a great influence on the course of the war and a far-reaching influence in world history as well. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.4 Process of the War Q. How did the war develop? And which battle marked the turning point of the war? It dragged on for seven years. Obstacles for the continental army: No enough supplies. Tired and hungry, while British troops fresh and wellequipped. By the middle of December, 1776, the Revolution seemed lost. The victory at Saratoga (1777, October)—turning point. Watch the video clip Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press Process of the War 2.4 Process of the War The assistance from France Benjamin Franklin—a messenger to Europe to get help from other countries. The French King made two agreements with Franklin: • France would take part in the war against England. • They agreed to trade with each other. Spain and Holland joined France against England —a quick end to the war. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.4 Process of the War In 1781, a decisive victory at Yorktown in Virginia On October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis was forced to surrender, the war came to an end. The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783— America won its independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2.5 The Establishment of Constitution On May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted. In June 1789, the constitution came into effect in nine states. Ten amendments—The Bill of Rights—were added to the Constitution in 1791. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press III The Civil War 3.1 Causes of Civil War 3.2 Comparison of Power 3.3 The Fierce War 3.4 Influence of the Civil War Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.1 Causes of Civil War Q. What was the essential cause of the Civil War? 3.1.1 Economic reason: two different economic systems 3.1.2 Political reason The North—Federal Government as a union The South—The Confederate Government: the independence of each state Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.1.1 Economic reason Two different economic systems existed side by side In the South—slavery was the foundation • The slave economy—an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion In the North—commerce and industry led the economy • Industrial economy required the restriction of slavery and territory for raw materials, markets and labor supply Economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between North and South. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.1.1 Economic reason Southern Cotton Plantation Whitney's Cotton Gin Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.2 Comparison of Power The North: twenty-three states, 22 million population abundant facilities to manufacture arms and ammunition, clothing, and other supplies merchant marines and the navy remained in Union hands federal government was better able to raise fund for war Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.2 Comparison of Power The South: eleven states, 9 million population military advantages: • actively preparing for war • in possession of many federal forts and arsenals • superior military leadership: a third of the regular army's officers were from the South • fighting on its own soil Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.2 Comparison of Power Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.3 The Fierce War The eastern arena—Virginia. the western Arena—areas west to the Appalachian Range and the Mississippi River area Confederate army won many battles on the Eastern Arena while they were defeated again and again on the Western Arena. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.3 The Fierce War On Feb 4,1861, Abraham Lincoln took office Abraham Lincoln a young man & lawyer in Illinois began his political career by serving four terms in the state legislature and then one term in the House of Representatives He insisted slavery was evil and should be restricted and ultimately abolished Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.3 The Fierce War Challenges Abraham Lincoln faced: first priority—keeping the United States one country • 11 southern states seceded from Federal Union proclaimed an independent nation freedom for black people—secondary objective • issued the Emancipation Proclamation (解放宣言), granting freedom to all slaves. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.3 The Fierce War Gettysburg—turning point of the war Union army defeated one Confederate army later all other Confederate forces soon surrendered On April 14, Lincoln was assassinated by actor John Wilkes Booth. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.3 The Fierce War The Lincoln Memorial, made of marble from Colorado and Tennessee and limestone from Indiana, stands in West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 3.4 Influence of the Civil War Q. What was the significance of the Civil War? A. 1) abolished the slave system 2) swept the obstacles to the development of US capitalist production Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press IV America in the 20th Century 4.1 World War I 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s 4.3 World War II 4.4 Post WWII Years Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.1 World War I Inevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers: Outbreak of the First World War • Allies—Britain, France, and Russia • The Central European Powers—Germany, AustriaHungary and Italy The political, economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press World War I 4.1 World War I Q. Why did America enter World War I? Germans’ submarines sank ships going to England— injuring American trade. Germany promised the Mexicans a chance “to regain its lost territory by the war against the US”. After two years’ fighting, both sides grew weary—a good chance for America to enter the war. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.1 World War I US entered the war in 1917 More than 4 million Americans went to the battlefield—playing an important role in turning the tide of the war: – broke German defense line – helped the British break German submarine blockade The German Government appealed to President Wilson for peace settlement An armistice (停火协议) was concluded in November 1918 Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s The booming 1920s The 1920s election—the first for women voted for a presidential candidate. prevailing prosperity, conservative governmental policy private business received substantial encouragement Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s The Great Depression In 1929 the stock market crashed, wiping out 40 percent of the paper values of common stock. • Depression deepened, many lost their life savings • By 1933 the value of stock on the New York Stock Exchange shrank by over 4/5 Core of the problem—immense disparity between the productive capacity and the ability of people to consume Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press People Waiting for Relief Withdrawal of Cash Hoover Village 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal In 1933 Roosevelt rallied the people to the banner of his program, known as the “New Deal”. It helped the country get out of the depression “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” —Franklin D. Roosevelt Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.3 World War II World War II broke out in September, 1939 and ended in August, 1945. Background of the war The World Spread economic crisis • Germany and Italy began their ways of fascism and military expansion. • Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast Asia by military expansion. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.3 World War II Q. What is America’s foreign policy in A sit-on-the-fence policy the stage of World II? • doearly trade with the warring countries,War including the aggressors • believe in “glorious isolation” Its negative effect: • Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buy munitions in US. • Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.3 World War II On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It was the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.3 World War II Conference at Potsdam Heads of the US, British and Soviet Union met at Potsdam, to discuss operations against Japan, the peace settlement in Europe, and a policy for the future of Germany. Agreement at the conference: • Need to assist in the reeducation of a German generation reared under Nazism, and to define principles governing the restoration of democratic political life to Germany • Agreed to the trial of Nazi leaders accused of crimes against humanity Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.3 World War II 4.3 World War II End of WWII The US airforce dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8. On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years The Cold War United Nations in 1945—a new and better world would emerge from World War II. The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and later led to the Cold War. Truman Doctrine In the Spring of 1947, President Truman declared the “Truman Doctrine” so as to expand American sphere of influence and establish the US hegemony (霸权). This marked the beginning of the Cold War. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years NATO In 1949, the United States—in company with 11 other powers—entered into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Korean War The US aggressed Korea in June 1950 A ceasefire agreement was signed in the summer of 1953— marked the US’ failure and the end of the war. Korean War Memorial Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years The Vietnam War A long-time suffering for the US Started under Eisenhower and continued by Kennedy and Johnson • In 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing. Ultimately, a failure • In 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist control. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years Two other diplomatic breakthroughs: Re-establishing US relations with the People’s Republic of China Negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years Q. What contributions did Richard Nixon make in promoting the Sino-US relationship? •Table Tennis Foreign Policy •Nixon–first US president visited Beijing. •The “Shanghai Communiqué”—a new US policy: – there was one China; – Taiwan was part of China; – a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselves was in American interest. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years Richard Nixon & Premier Zhou Enlai Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years America Since 1980’s Bill Clinton Ronald Reagan George Herbert Walker Bush Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years Ronald Regan At sixty nine, Reagan became the oldest person ever elected as US President in 1980. • Economic program – reductions in income taxes and business taxes – deep cuts in federal spending in every area except defense Reagan proposed a wide-ranging program of legislation. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years George H. W. Bush Bush concentrated on social and economic problems. Two Wars • The Gulf War —On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait & seized downtown Kuwait City • Desert Storm —Bush rallied the United Nations and Congress and sent troops to Iraq. —Destruction of Iraqi Army: weeks of air and missile bombardment & 4 days ground attack Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 4.4 Post WWII Years Bill Clinton the third youngest person ever elected as president at forty-six. Economic recovery • When he was elected, unemployment—7.4 %. • When voters went to choose his successor in 2000, unemployment—3.9 %. NAFTA—the North American Free Trade Agreement among the US, Canada and Mexico Called for ending restrictions on the flow of goods, services and investment Called for the elimination of most import taxes Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press V America in the 21st Century 5.1 George W. Bush Period 5.2 The War against Terrorism 5.3 Invasion of Iraq Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press America in 21st century George W. Bush Period George W. Bush: The 43rd president of the US elected in 2000 During his first term, three major tax cuts Since 2003, America has had the fastest-growing economy • Under his leadership, the economy growing at rate as fast as any in nearly 20 years. Homeownership rate—at a record high. • Interest and mortgage rates—near historic lows. • The core rate of inflation over the past year ranks among its lowest in 40 years. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press America in 21st century The war against terrorism Terrorist Event on September 11, 2001 Invasion of Iraq On March 19, 2003 an invasion of Iraq by American and British troops started, supported by small contingents from several other countries. • “Trial of century”—the trial of Saddam began on October, 19, 2005 in Baghdad. • Saddam is accused of crimes against humanity. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 英 语 国 家 概 况