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WWII • Germany invades Poland on September 1, 1939 • Two days later, Britain and France declare war on Germany • Germans took Poland in less than a month • In late August, Hitler and Stalin had signed a nonaggression pact • Red Army entered Poland from the east and the two split the country Germany Invades Poland HITLER’S GERMANY INVADES POLAND SEPTEMBER 1, 1939 RUSSIAN INVADES EASTERN POLAND JEWS FLEE EUROPE IN PREPARATION FOR WAR PHONY WAR LASTS FROM OCTOBER 1939 TO APRIL 1940 After war starts Congress passes Neutrality act of 1939 Permits Britain and France to purchase weapons on cash and carry basis Loans and credit purchases still illegal German aggression scared Americans BLITZKRIEG DEVASTATES NORWAY, DENMARK, THE NETHERLANDS AND BELGIUM APRIL 1940 GERMANY INVADES DENMARK AND NORWAY. WITHIN WEEKS THESE COUNTRIES FELL TO GERMANY AS DID BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS THE MAGINOT LINE FAILS TO PROTECT THE FRENCH COUNTRY SIDE IF YOU ENTRENCH YOURSELF BEHIND A STRONG FORTRESS YOU COMPEL YOUR ENEMIES TO SEEK A SOLUTION GERMAN FORCES POUR INTO FRANCE ALLIED SOLDIERS TRAPPED BETWEEN GERMAN ADVANCE AND ENGLISH CHANNEL MIRACLE AT DUNKIRK DUNKIRK 338,000 BRITISH AND FRENCH SOLDIERS SAVED FRANCE FOLDS JUNE 22, 1940 FRANCE SIGNS ARMISTICE IN SAME RAILROAD CAR THAT GERMAN SIGNED ARMISTICE TO END WORLD WAR I BATTLE FOR BRITAIN STARTS “OPERATION SEALION” HITLER IS DETERMINED TO TAKE BRITAIN British Prime Minister Winston Churchill OPERATION SEALION TURNS AWAY FROM ATTACKING MILITARY POSITIONS TO CIVILIAN ONES THE BLITZ ATTACKS MAJOR CITIES DESTROYS BUILDINGS ALL OVER BRITAIN HITLER WANTS BRITISH CIVILIANS TO DEMAND SURRENDER BRITAIN FIGHTS ON, USES RADAR TO BEAT GERMANS American Sympathy (and little else) Goes to Britain • Americans in shock by German attacks on British civilians. • Awed by British perseverance and will. 1940-41 • Hitler had conquered all of the Balkan region • In June, 1941, he launched his invasion of the Soviet Union • FDR moved Pacific fleet from California to Pearl Harbor in May, 1940 • September 27th- Japan joined the Axis powers • When Japan occupied Indochina in July, 1941, FDR froze all Japanese assets in the US and cut off its oil supplies GERMANY FAILS IN BRITAIN AND ITALY IN AFRICA • WHILE GERMANYWAS BEING PUSHED BACK BY THE BRITS THE ITALIANS, JEALOUS OF THE SUCCESS OF HITLER LAUNCH THEIR OWN SERIES OF ATTACKS IN NORTH AFRICA AND GREECE MUSSOLINI AIDS THE ALLIED CAUSE • HITLERS PLAN TO ATTACK RUSSIA NEEDED TIMING • MUSSOLINI’S FAILURES IN NORTH AFRICA AND GREECE PUSHES BACK THE INVASION BY 6 WEEKS • JUNE 22, 1941 THE INVASION BEGINS OPERATION BARBAROSSA • WHY BREAK THE TRUCE? – LAND – RESOURCES – END COMMUNISM HITLER ATTACKS WITH 3 MILLION MEN RUSSIAN ARMY UNPREPARED LOSE 2.5 MILLION SOLDIERS EALRY IN THE FIGHTING NAPOLEON REDUX • HITLERS ARMIES EXPLODE INTO RUSSIA SOVIET ARMY FORCING INTO A MASSIVE RETREAT – ARMIES DESTROY FACTORIES, CROP AND BUILDING IN THEIR RETREAT – BY FALL, NAZI’S ARE READY TO TAKE MOSCOW AND LENINGRAD – GERMANS STALL AS THE RUSSIAN WINTER KICKS IN (-20) freeze to death. SEIGE OF LENINGRAD • SEPTEMBER 1941, 2.5 YEAR SEIGE OF LENINGRAD STARTS. • PEOPLE OF LENINGRAD GIVEN ONLY TWO PIECES OF BREAD A DAY – ATE ALMOST ANYTHING: WALLPAPER, BRIEF CASES – 1 MILLION RUSSIANS DIE The Soviet Union • Hitler’s forces overran the Red Army, killing or capturing nearly 3 million soldiers • Soviet resistance- Russians cut German supply lines and sent every available resource to Russian troops outside Moscow • Summer of 1942, Hitler decided to attack Stalingrad, a major industrial city on the Volga River; Soviets suffered more casualties in these battles than Americans did in the entire war STALINGRAD PROVES COSTLY • GERMANS SURROUND THE CITY • RUSSIAN ENCIRCLE THE GERMANS – STREET TO STREET AND HOUSE TO HOUSE FIGHTING RAGED – RUSSIAN TRAP THE GERMAN ARMY IN STALINGRAD HITLER FAILS IN RUSSIA HITLER FAILS TO TAKE MOSCOW WHEN HE HAS THE CHANCE INSTEAD ATTACKING LENINGRAD THEN HE FAILS TO TAKE STALINGRAD OR RETREAT AND LOSES HIS WHOLE ARMY IN THE SOUTH. continued • February, 1943- German 6th Army was defeated • In retreat, Germans lost another major battle in the Ukraine • US lend-lease program helped the Russians Atlantic Charter • Secret meeting between FDR and Churchill in August, 1941 • To map out military strategy and declare “common principles” • Similar to Wilson’s 14 Points US Prepares for war • FDR move Pacific Fleet from San Diego to Pearl Harbor in early 1940 • Why did he do this? Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 • Within 2 hours, Japanese pilots had destroyed nearly 200 American planes and badly damaged the fleet, more than 2,400 Americans were killed and 1,200 wounded • On the same day, Japan struck US bases on the Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island Pearl Harbor Attack on Pearl Harbor Attack on Pearl Harbor Attack on Pearl Harbor December 8th • Roosevelt called the attack on Pearl Harbor a date that “will live in infamy,” and asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan • With only one dissenting vote- by pacifist Jeannette Rankin of Montana- Congress acceded • Hitler asked the Reichstag on December 11th to support war against the “half-judaized and the other half Negrified” American nation Mussolini joined in the declaration of war on America Allied Offensive • Spring, 1942- Germany, Italy and Japan commanded territory from France to the Pacific Ocean • Battle of El Alamein- October, 1942Egypt- British 8th Army stopped a major offensive by the German General Rommel, the “Desert Fox” North Africa • Americans entered the war in Europe as part of Operation Torch, the landing of British and American troops in Morocco and Algeria in November • Casablanca Conference- January, 1943 FDR and Churchill announced that they would only accept unconditional surrender from their enemies • May, 1943- Allies controlled N. Africa Allied Invasion of Europe • In July 1943, British and American troops Land in Sicily • Mussolini was dismissed by the king July 25 1943 (Arrested • Italy surrendered on September 8, 1943 • Hitler sent troops to northern Italy Rome 9-11-43 • Hitler rescues Mussolini 9-12-43 • 6-5-44 allies enter Rome • Warsaw Ghetto Uprising- spring, 1943 • Partisans were active in many sections of Europe D-Day June 6, 1944 • Stalin continues to call for a “Second Front” • Operation Overlord- the invasion of Normandy • Allied fleet brought more than 175,000 troops and more than 20,000 vehicles to France • Germans killed 2,500 troops. • In the next six weeks, one million more Allied soldiers came ashore D-Day, Invasion of France Aerial Bombing • US pilots preferred the daylight hours, while the British bombed during the night • Bombing missions over the Rhineland and the Ruhr took out many German factories • Royal Air Force leveled the city of Hamburg • 60 other cities were hit hard also • Feb 13-15 45 Dresden 3,900 tons of bombs, 30,000 dead • Air offensive weakened German morale End of European War • Allied troops arrived in Paris in August, 1944 • One occupied country after another fell • Battle of the Bulge- Allies were taken by surprise driving them back 50 miles before they were stopped • This last effort exhausted the German capacity for counterattack • It was the bloodiest American battle since Gettysburg BATTLE OF THE BULGE V-E DAY • Hitler commits suicide on April 30th • Adm. Karl Donitz surrenders on May 8th • The “Thousand Year Reich” ends after 12 years and millions dead