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World War II German Aggression German subs would travel in groups of 10-15 called wolf packs American ships were targeted Sunk 2.3 million tons of British shipping in only 5 weeks May 1941 - merchant ship the Robin Moore September 1941 - destroyer Greer October 1941 - destroyer Kearny October 1941 - destroyer Reuben James In response, America arms merchant ships and extends draft by 18 months The Atlantic Charter 6 main points issued by FDR 1. No territorial expansion 2. No territorial changes without the consent of the inhabitants 3. Self-determination for all people 4. More free trade 5. Cooperation for the improvement of other nations 6. The disarming of all aggressors • This charter became the basis for the United Nations Japanese Action Japan needed oil to continue running their war machine Japan forced the Vichy government to give it military bases in Indochina (Vietnam and Cambodia General Hideki Tojo becomes Premier of Japan in October 1941 US breaks the Japanese diplomatic code The US was expecting an attack, but thought it was coming in the Philippines Japanese Action On November 25 a large fleet leaves a Japanese bases heading toward Pearl Harbor 7:55am December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers strike the American naval base of Pearl Harbor on Hawaii 170 planes were destroyed 2,400 people were killed (68 were civilians) FDR “a date that will live in infamy” The following day, the US declared war on Japan When Hitler heard the news, Germany and Italy declared war on the US America Readies Their War Machine By 1944, the US was producing as much war material as all the Axis countries combined 76,000 tanks 300,000+ planes 2.5 million machine guns 64,000 landing craft 6,500 naval ships The Selective Service Program provided 16.5 million men to the armed forces Mostly single men under 30 Japanese Americans During the War Nisei - Americans of Japanese decent 17,000 enlisted to fight in the war • 442nd Regiment “Go for Broke” received more decorations than any other American combat unit Japanese Americans sent to internment camps The Supreme Court upheld the relocations as a “military necessity” America Starts Planning The Commanders General George Marshall • US Army Chief of Staff • People highly respected him General Dwight D. Eisenhower • Commander of the European theatre of operations • Strong supporter of the British during the war America Starts Planning The first big decision Defeat Hitler, then concentrate on Japan • There was fear that Germany could defeat the Soviets and send all of their troops against Britain • With Germany defeated, the other Allies could join forces and defeat Japan The second major decision Only accept a complete unconditional surrender Convoys Convoys - Groups of merchant ships, troop carriers, and protective escort ships By January 1942, German wolf packs were hunting from New Foundland to New Orleans In five months, they sunk over 382 ships Brown outs and tighter patrols help lower the number of losses suffered by American forces Stalingrad The Soviet scorched-earth policy prevented the Germans from living off the land as the advanced deeper into Russia German armies turned toward Stalingrad to take the oil fields there (Caucusus Mtns.) They besieged the city for 3 months and failed to take it. By November, the Soviets launched a counterattack and surrounded the German army by December Stalingrad By December, the German army was surrounded February 2, 1943, 91,000 German soldiers surrendered. (all that was left of 330,000) Soviet losses totaled 1.25 million people, civilian and military This is the turning point of the war Russia begins to move steadily west Allies Start in Africa Stalin wanted the US to enter the war quickly to take pressure off the Eastern front The US responds with Operation Torch An all-out invasion of western North Africa (El Alamein – 70 mile west of Egypt) Morocco Allies land in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers on November 7-8 By mid-May 1943, General Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox, and his Afrika Korps are defeated by Allied forces- lose 500 tanks, 60,000 men Axis loses control of the Mediterranean The Italian Campaign The King of Italy had arrested Mussolini and had prepared to hand over Italy to the Allies Hitler was one step ahead and sent German troops to stabilize the Italian front It would take 18 months for American forces to drive the Germans out of the Italian peninsula Mussolini would be recaptured by Italian partisans on April 28, 1945 He was shot and hung in Milan Allies Invade France From October 1943 - May 1944, the Americans bombed Germany by day, and the British bombed them by night By June 1944, the Allies owned the skies by a number of 30 to 1 It was now time to prepare for Operation Overlord Operation Overlord June 6, 1944 - D-Day (Demarcation Day) Allies land on 5 beaches- 6 mile line 176,000 troops 4,000 landing craft 600 ships 11,000 planes It took two years of planning to pull this off (if it failed, would have set back the Allies years) Operation Overlord German Defenses 250,000 troops Underwater mines Tank traps Concrete fortifications with multiple guns Canon shot from miles behind the lines The Allies tricked the Germans though The Trick and the Success Americans bombed another location for days • Calais was the shortest route across the channel Patton used as a decoy- cardboard planes, tanks, troops Rommel doesn’t buy it, but Hitler did. • • The Germans shifted men and equipment to that location Even still Allied forces were almost wiped out at Omaha Beach Within a month, 1 million troops had landed 567,000 tons of supplies 170,000 vehicles Liberation By September 1944 France was liberated Belgium was liberated Luxembourg was liberated Parts of the Netherlands were liberated All of this good military news led to the re-election of • FDR and VP Harry Truman (the new Missouri compromise) who replaced Henry Wallace. FDR ran against Thomas E. Dewey (Gov. of NY) The Battle of the Bulge Hitler stakes everything on one last throw of his reserves The Germans wanted the Port of Antwerp, key to the Allied supply operation The Germans counter-attacked when the Allies least expected it Dec. 16, 1944 the Germans attack The Battle of the Bulge The Germans attacked near the Belgium border at the Ardennes Forest American forces put up a heroic fight at the city of Bastogne, an important transportation center in Belgium The American forces bent, but never broke during the two weeks of heavy fighting The Battle became known as the Battle of the Bulge (a bulge in the line) Meeting at the Elbe March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine River April 1945, the Soviets entered the outskirts of Berlin, driving German forces further into Germany April 25, 1945, Allied and Soviet forces meet for the first time at the Elbe River Advancing American and Soviet forces uncover the atrocities the Germans tried to conceal Bye Bye Hitler April 30th, 1945 In an underground bunker in Berlin, Hitler takes his life, and his new wife, Eva Braun, takes poison Hitler and Braun’s body are taken outside and burned. May 7, 1945, General Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germany May 8 is V-E Day (Victory in Europe) Japan Steamrolls Japanese overrun Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, the Dutch East Indies, Guam, the Wake Islands, and two islands in the Aleutian chain in Alaska Douglas Mac Arthur and 36,000 troops hold off Japanese forces for 4 months in the Philippines before having to evacuate the island Mac Arthur said “I shall return” Japan Cont… Spring of 1942, Japan was on the doorstep of India and the Pacific coast of the US was threatened The US sent bombers to raid Tokyo Why? To lift US morale- scare Japanese Gen. James Doolittle leads raid- not enough gas to return to the ship, had to ditch in China (free) First raid did not do much damage, followed by March 9-10 raid that gutted a quarter of the city, killed 83,000 people American and Australians stop a Japanese attempt to • take Australia in May ’42- Battle of the Coral Sea- all sea battle June ‘42, the Japanese suffer a critical defeat at Midway Won by planes from Aircraft carriers- sank 4 Jap. Carriers- wipes out the A team Island Hopping Japan was protected by 3,000 miles of water and hundred of fortified islands Leyte Gulf –Oct. 23-26, 1944- greatest sea battle of all time- US wins- Jap. loses 60 ships Mac Arthur decided to leapfrog around the islands Attack only selected islands and allow the Australian and New Zealander forces to clean up the rest This island hopping strategy was very effective Guadalcanal and the Philippines American offensive begins in August ‘42 The US lands on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands All transport ships were sunk by the Japanese after troops landed American Naval forces defeats the Japanese navy and forces their army to leave Guadalcanal Guadalcanal and the Philippines The Japanese fought a tough battle at the Battle of the Philippine Sea (Leyte Gulf) The Japanese suffered huge losses to their navy that they would never recover from Mac Arthur went back to the Philippine mainland and said “I have returned.” Cost the US 60,000 men Kamikaze New President FDR has a stroke and dies on April 12, 1945 Harry Truman took office The Bomb Iwo Jima and Okinawa Two islands the Japanese fought fiercely to defend, but would end up losing- US lost 84,000 men Many were worried that the defense of Japan it self would be brutal. “a million American lives and half that number of British”’ - Churchill Luckily, the US was working on the Manhattan Project • So secret even Truman did not know about it until he became Pres. The Bomb August 6, 1945 at 8:15:30 am. The Enola Gay dropped the bomb “little boy” on the city of Hiroshima August 9, “fat man” was dropped on Nagasaki It killed 71,000 people and injured 68,000 The city was destroyed Killing 80K and injuring 40K August 14, Emperor Hirohito surrenders, despite opposition from his military leaders The formal surrender was September 2, 1945 aboard the battleship Missouri Postwar Plans Cairo Early November 1943 FDR, Chiang Kai-shek of China, and Churchill meet Agree that Korea would become independent Taiwan would be returned to China Teheran Late November 1943 FDR, Churchill, and Stalin FDR and Churchill promise to open 2nd front Stalin promises to attack Japan after Germany is defeated (never did, until last few days) Postwar Plans Yalta February 1945 FDR, Churchill, and Stalin Germany to be split in 4 military zones Japanese and German leaders will be tried as criminals for their atrocities Agreed to set up the United Nations US and Britain agree to let Poland be set up as a Communist state Stalin promised free elections in Poland (he lied) Postwar Plans San Francisco April 1945 50 nations meet to set up UN Soviet Union wants all 15 republics represented individually Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Soviet Union would have representation in the UN Potsdam July 1945 President Truman was there Stalin said no free elections in Eastern Europe 6.5 million Germans would be moved out of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland and into Germany Ultimatum to Japan- surrender or be destroyed Decide on war-crime trials of Nazi leaders The UN The UN was officially established in June 1945 There was a General Assembly for all of the nations Security Council US, GB, France, USSR, and China would have permanent seats 6 other nations would be elected on a rotating basis The Big Five had veto power over any council actions The Occupation of Japan US occupation of Japan lasted for six years- MacArthur helps reshape Japan Japan received freedom of the press, no more secret police, women suffrage, and union rights- New Constitution Farmers were freed from their landlords September 1951, the UN and Japan agreed on a peace treaty that ended the occupation of Japan War Crimes Trial 1945 and 1946 Nazi leaders were on trial in Nuremberg, Germany Defendants were charged with: Waging aggressive war Violating accepted rules of prisoner treatment Thousands would be found guilty of war crimes