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Ch 29 The Collapse of the Old Order 1929–1949 The Stalin Revolution Five-Year Plans Stalin set about the task of industrializing the Soviet Union in such a way as to increase the power of the Communist Party domestically and to increase the power of the Soviet Union in relation to other countries. Industrial Production Emphasis on development of major industries (oil, coal, steel, electricity) Lack of attention to production of consumer goods (housing, clothing, furniture) Persistent shortages Use of forced labor to meet industrial targets 70 60 50 40 1927-8 1932 30 20 10 0 Pig iron Steel Oil Steel workers Coal Collectivization of Agriculture http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcumJNNX0q c The Second Five-Year Plan (1933–1937) was originally intended to increase the output of consumer goods However fear of the Nazi regime in Germany prompted Stalin to shift the emphasis to heavy industries and armaments. Terror and Opportunities industrialization and collectivization =threats and force. Stalin used the NKVD (secret police) in order to create a climate of terror Many Soviet citizens supported Stalin’s regime in spite of the fear and hardships. Stalinism created: new opportunities for women to join the workforce obedient, unquestioning people to rise within the ranks of the Communist Party, In the late 1930s the contrast between the economic strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the impression that Stalin’s planned economy was a success. The Depression Economic Crisis New York stock market October 29, 1929 caused: a chain reaction in which: consumers cut their purchases companies laid off workers small farms failed. On the international scale, the stockmarket collapse led New York banks to recall their loans to Germany and Austria, thus ending their payment of reparations to France and Britain, who then could not repay their war loans to the United States In the United States, Britain, and France, governments used economic programs. In Germany and Japan, radical politicians devoted their economies to military buildup, Depression in Nonindustrial Regions The Depression spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin American India and China were not dependent on foreign trade and thus were little affected. In Latin America the Depression led to the establishment of military dictatorships Southern Africa boomed during the 1930s. The increasing value of gold and the relatively cheaper copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo led to a mining boom that benefited European and South African mine owners. The Rise of Fascism Mussolini’s Italy In postwar Italy thousands of unemployed veterans and violent youths banded together in fasci di combattimento to demand action, Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, became leader of the Fascist Party and used the fasci di combattimento to force the government to appoint him to the post of prime minister. In power, Mussolini installed Fascist Party members in all government jobs and crushed all sources of opposition. Mussolini and the Fascist movement excelled at propaganda and glorified war http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7CT5 TDwxEc Hitler’s Germany Germany had been hard-hit by: Treaty of Versailles The hyperinflation of 1923, and the Depression. So who do you blame? socialists, Jews, and foreigners ADOLF HITLER ESSENTIAL QUESTION What led to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power and the Nazis ruling Germany? A DICTATOR IS BORN ♂ Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, near Linz, Austria on April 20, 1889 KLARA and ALOIS: THE PARENTS OF A MONSTER HITLER AS A YOUTH LEFT: Hitler at age 13 BELOW: Hitler, part of a church choir group Adolf was an intelligent child, but a poorly performing student, both of Adolf’s parents died when he was a teenager, leaving him with a modest inheritance; Adolf sought to become an artist THE YEARS IN VIENNA In January 1908, the 19 year old Adolf moved to the city of Vienna, the capital of Austria Adolf tries to enter the Academy of Arts, but is rejected; his audition painting was deemed not good enough THE ACADEMY OF ARTS IN VIENNA SAMPLES OF HITLER’S ART This 1914 painting is titled: "The Courtyard of the Old Residency in Munich." A 1914 painting: "Ruins of a Cloister in Messines." ONE OF HITLER’S GREAT LOVES: THE MUSIC OF RICHARD WAGNER ♫Adolf enjoyed the opera music of Richard Wagner, whose stirring music glorified Germany and often had warlike themes (such as “Ride of the Valkyries”) ♫ Wagner’s music had a profound effect on the young Adolf Hitler GERMAN COMPOSER RICHARD WAGNER FIRST EXPOSURE TO POLITICS GEORG VON SCHOENERER KARL LUEGER Galician Jews are present in Vienna. As with much of Europe, there are anti-Semitic feelings in Vienna (it was Adolf’s first exposure to antiSemitism). The politics of Georg von Schoenerer (an anti-Semite) and Vienna’s mayor, Karl Lueger (who said the public would do without freedoms for security), would have an influence on young Hitler. POLITICIZATION OF HITLER It is while living in Vienna that Adolf first learns of the ideas of mystical German nationalism and the “Aryan ideal”; these ideas would shape the Nazi ideology decades later, as exemplified in this 1930s poster When World War I breaks out, Adolf Hitler finds a purpose; he volunteers to be a soldier for the country he adored: Germany WARTIME SERVICE Hitler served as a dispatch runner (messenger) on the Western Front, carrying messages from headquarters to the trenches by bicycle. It was often a dangerous assignment; Hitler was wounded twice in one week in 1916 and sent to Germany to recover. Awarded medals for bravery (including the Iron Cross), he returned to fight in 1917. AN ANGRY YOUNG MAN Adolf Hitler never forgot the humiliation that Germany was served at the hands of the Allies. Corporal Hitler (right) with two fellow German soldiers, one of whom is missing a leg As he recovered at a Stettin hospital from eye injuries suffered in an Allied poison gas attack in Ypres, Hitler heard about Germany’s defeat. His reaction: “The burning in my eyes could not match the hate burning in my heart. From that moment, I knew I should enter politics.” GERMANY AFTER THE GREAT WAR (1919-1923) An anti-Communist poster Many Germans were disillusioned after the defeat in the Great War and hated the democratic government that took power after WWI (the Weimar Republic) Ex-soldiers like Hitler felt that they had been “stabbed in the back” by Jews and Communists back home in Germany; they felt that they had not been defeated on the battlefield A SOLDIER WITHOUT A WAR Hitler learned of the Germans’ destiny as the “master race” and of the “economic conspiracy” of the world’s Jews against the Fatherland Hitler, now 30 years old, also discovered while at Munich that he had a flair for public speaking, delivering several passionate speeches at the local university and transfixing audiences PARTY MEMBER #55 Hitler agreed with the Nazi’s party’s views and became a member in 1920 Later on, he became a party leader, recruiting many German soldiers from his barracks; Hitler’s goal was to seize the German Workers’ Party and reshape it to his own ends THE NAZI PARTY With Hitler becoming its new leader, the German Workers’ Party later became the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (in German: Nazional Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei). The party’s name was abbreviated as NSDAP and shortened to “Nazi” THE SWASTIKA NAZI USE OF THE SWASTIKA The swastika is an ancient symbol that has been used for over 3,000 years by many cultures, representing life, strength, and good luck. HITLER ON TRIAL FOR SEDITION In February 1924, Hitler was brought to trial. The trial was a political circus: the judge was sympathetic to Hitler and allowed him to express his political views. Hitler and several of his fellow Nazis during a break in the trial Charged of treason against the unpopular Weimar Republic, Hitler proclaimed: “There is no such thing as treason against the traitors of 1918.” Hitler made statements during the trial that made him well-known nationally and increased his popularity with Germans. MEIN KAMPF: “MY STRUGGLE” Hitler received a light sentence and only served 9 months in a minimum security prison. He spent most of his time writing his autobiography. Mein Kampf expressed Hitler’s beliefs Two of the major issues he addressed in Mein Kampf were: 1. Lebensraum (“living space”): Germany must take over other countries, especially Russia, for the use of the German “master race”. 2. Anti-Semitism: inferior races, especially the Jews, must be destroyed. When times are bad… …people turn to extremes for answers The Nazis’ Power Increases CHANCELLOR HITLER The aging German President Paul von Hindenburg appoints Hitler as chancellor in January 1933. Hitler’s power was increasing (over one million members of the Nazi Party and 400,000 men in his private army), so Hindenburg thought to contain the Nazis by offering Hitler a position in the government. CHANCELLOR HITLER When Hindenburg dies of old age, Chancellor Hitler takes the President’s role and power as well. Combining the titles of president and chancellor, Adolf Hitler becomes Der Fuhrer (The Leader) THE REICHSTAG FIRE Within a disaster lay an opportunity for Hitler… an opportunity to eliminate his worst political enemies: the Communists ELIMINATING POLITICAL ENEMIES On February 27, 1933, a “feeble minded” Dutch Communist named Martinus van der Lubbe set the Reichstag (Germany’s government) building on fire Hitler used this fire as a reason outlaw the Communist Party and arrest their leaders With the Enabling Act, the Reichstag gave Hitler dictatorial powers because of this “crisis” CONSPIRACY: The Nazis may have helped start the fire in the Reichstag building Hitler used his new powers to outlaw all other political parties and abolish trade unions Hitler was now “Der Fuhrer” both in name and in fact ELIMINATING RIVAL NAZIS June 30, 1934: “The Night of the Long Knives” Hitler’s black-shirted SS murderers killed over 1000 Nazis who were seen as threats to Hitler’s power in the Nazi Party THE THIRD REICH The Nazis identified their rule as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire (the First Reich) and the Bismarckcreated German Empire of 1871 (the Second Reich) The Nazis called their new empire the “Third Reich” VICIOUS ANTI-SEMITISM Hitler’s racial views were put in everything Germans read or saw In this German children’s book, a pious mother teaches her little son, The children’s book “Der Giftpilz” (The Poisonous Mushroom) “The Jew is the most poisonous mushroom in existence.” HITLER’S FIERY SPEECHES One of the greatest weapons in Hitler’s arsenal as he battled for power was his ability to deliver apocalyptic and convincing speeches http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Owj7Sg_xJr4 “If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevizing of the Earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!" Adolf Hitler on January 30, 1939 This Nazi propaganda poster reads, “Behind the enemy powers: the Jew” East Asia, 1931–1945 The Manchurian Incident of 1931 The Chinese Communists and the Long March http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =YAPddtJNbEc The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945 On July 7, 1937 Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces near Beijing, forcing the Japanese government to initiate a full-scale war of invasion against China. The United States and the League of Nations made no efforts to stop the Japanese invasion, In the conduct of the war, the Japanese troops proved to be incredibly violent, committing severe atrocities when they took Nanjing in the winter of 1937–1938 and initiating a “kill all, burn all, loot all” campaign in 1940. Chiang Kai-shek escaped to the mountains of Sichuan, where Chiang built up a large army to prepare for future confrontation with the Communists. In Shaanxi province, Mao built up his army, formed a government, and skillfully presented the Communist Party as the only group in China that was serious about fighting the Japanese. The Second World War The War of Movement World War I was a war of defensive maneuvers, but in World War II the introduction of motorized weapons gave back the advantage to the offensive, as may be seen in Germany’s blitzkrieg (lightning war) and in American and Japanese use of aircraft carriers. War in Europe and North Africa It took less than a month for Germany to conquer Poland. After a lull during the winter of 1939– 1940, Hitler went on an offensive in March that made him the master of all of Europe between Spain and Russia by the end of June. Hitler’s attempt to invade Britain was foiled by the British Royal Air Force’s victory in the Battle of Britain (June– September 1940). In 1941 Hitler launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union; his forces, successful at first, were stopped by the winter weather of 1941–1942 and finally defeated at Stalingrad in February 1943. In Africa, the Italian offensive in British Somaliland and Egypt, although initially successful, was turned back by a British counterattack. German forces came to assist the Italians, but they were finally defeated at Al Alamein in northern Egypt by the British, who had the advantage of more plentiful weapons and supplies and better intelligence. War in Asia and the Pacific In July 1941 France allowed Japan to occupy Indochina; the United States and Britain responded by stopping shipments of steel, scrap iron, oil, and other products that Japan needed. In response, the Japanese chose to go to war, hoping that a surprise attack on the United States would be so shocking that the Americans would accept Japanese control over Southeast Asia rather than continuing to fight against Japan. Japan attacked American forces at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and proceeded to occupy all of Southeast Asia and the Dutch East Indies within the next few months. The United States joined Britain and the Soviet Union in an alliance called the United Nations (or the Allies). By June 1942 the United States had destroyed four of Japan’s six largest aircraft carriers; aircraft carriers were the key to victory in the Pacific, and since Japan did not have the industrial capacity to replace the carriers, the Japanese were now faced with a long and hopeless war. The End of the War By 1943 the Soviet Red Army was receiving supplies from factories in Russia and the United States. The Soviet offensive in the east combined with Western invasions of Sicily and Italy in 1943 and of France in 1944 to defeat Germany in May 1945. By May 1945 American bombing and submarine warfare had devastated the Japanese economy and cut Japan off from its sources of raw materials, while Asians who had initially welcomed the Japanese as liberators from white colonialism were now eager to see the Japanese leave. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 convinced Japan to sign terms of surrender early the next month. Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory After the Japanese surrender in September 1945 the Guomindang and Communist forces began a civil war that lasted until 1949. The Guomindang had the advantage of more troops and weapons and American support, but its brutal and exploitative policies and its printing of worthless paper money eroded popular support. The Communists built up their forces with Japanese equipment gained from the Soviets and American equipment gained from deserting Guomindang soldiers and won popular support, especially in Manchuria, by carrying out a radical land reform program. On October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong announced the founding of the People’s Republic of China as Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces were being driven off the mainland to Taiwan. The Character of Warfare Why was it the War of Science? World War II was different from previous wars both in its enormous death toll and in the vast numbers of refugees that were generated during the war. The unprecedented scale of human suffering during the war was due to a change in moral values and to the appearance of new technologies of warfare. Science had a significant impact on the technology of warfare. This may be seen in the application of scientific discoveries to produce synthetic rubber and radar, in developments in cryptanalysis and antibiotics, in the development of aircraft and missiles, and in the United States government’s organization of physicists and engineers in order to produce atomic weapons. What’s the importance of bombingf Bombing Raids The British and Americans excelled at bombing raids that were intended not to strike individual buildings, but to break the morale of the civilian population. Massive bombing raids on German cities caused substantial casualties, but armament production continued to increase until late 1944, and the German people remained obedient and hardworking. The Holocaust Nazi killings of civilians were part of a calculated policy of exterminating whole races of people. German Jews were deprived of their citizenship and legal rights and herded into ghettoes, where many died of starvation and disease. In early 1942 the Nazis decided to apply modern industrial methods in order to slaughter the Jewish population of Europe in concentration camps like Auschwitz. This mass extermination, now called the Holocaust, claimed some 6 million Jewish lives. Holocaust Holocaust is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Problem Based on your prior knowledge, what are some of the injustices the Jewish population faced? Gathering Evidence You will be viewing six photographs and a short video As you watch please gather evidence of injustices that the Jewish population faced during the Holocaust. Record your observations on the note sheet provided. We will have a class discussion based on the evidence you gathered. Evidence Sheet Task Directions Please use the evidence sheet provided to record your observations as you view the following slides. Evidence Sheet Photograph One Imagine the conditions on those trains. What would it be like? United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives Photograph Two Notice their clothing. What do you see? What does that mean? United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives Photograph Three United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives Photograph Four Look at the details of this picture. How are the prisoners dressed? How are they standing? What inferences can you make? United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives Photograph Five Based on this photo, what inferences can you make about the treatment in the camps? United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives Photograph 6 Imagine sleeping in these quarters. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives Video Link to video from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website about the liberation of death camp known as Auschwitz. Video Maximize the Real Player video screen to view the video. Conclusive Statements What statements can you make about the treatment of the Jewish population based on the evidence gathered while looking at the photographs and video? War and the Environment?