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The U.S. and Europe Between the Wars Mr. White’s World History Main Idea This period was an era of intense economic, political, social, and cultural change that: ◦ Resulted in changing lifestyles for people in the western democracies ◦ Saw democratic governments in the United States, England, and France struggle to preserve democracy ◦ Created fascist and communist dictatorships in Europe New technology, science, and culture changed the world after World War I. SECTION 1: CULTURE AND SOCIETY Changing Lives for Women Women began to challenge old social norms following the war ◦ Many had worked in war industries, and had demanded equal pay to men ◦ Many began to demand, and won, the right to vote Many women adopted new fashions and social behavior ◦ Increased use of make-up in public (considered indecent before) ◦ Openly drinking, smoking, casually dating men Popular Technology New technology in communication and transportation increased the pace of life and the interconnectedness of society ◦ Automobile – increased mobility and freedom for people (mostly for the wealthy at first) The beginning of popular radio led to a homogenization of culture ◦ Stimulated the desire for consumer goods ◦ Psychology was used in advertisements to convince people to buy Leisure Time New labor-saving devices such as electronic appliances (vacuum cleaners, toasters, refrigerators, etc.) led to a growth in leisure time Leisure activities such as spectator sports, athletic activities (biking, tennis), and popular reading grew in popularity Science New advances in science changed the way that people viewed the world ◦ Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity – governs the laws of motion and energy ◦ Sigmund Freud developed theories on the human mind and subconscious to explain human behavior – growth of psychology as a discipline Literature Many authors of the time began to pick new techniques and subjects to portray ◦ Writers were often critical of the society of the time – materialism, middle class values ◦ James Joyce – “Ulysses,” pioneered a style known as “stream of consciousness” ◦ Many writers became interested in writing about social issues of the time Painting New techniques in painting challenged old conventions about art ◦ Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque developed a style known as cubism – broke human and still-life forms into fragments ◦ The Dada school of art stressed absurdity, and was “anti-art” ◦ Surrealism developed as an offshoot of Dadaism – portrayed a surreal view on life Les Demoiselles D’Avignon, Pablo Picasso This, one of Picasso’s most famous paintings, shows early elements of Cubism, which involved breaking up forms into shapes that distorted them. Music Sergei Prokofiev composed driving and dissonant music – often criticized Arnold Schoenberg of Austria used 12note harmony to compose music reflecting what he saw as the decline of Western culture Jazz developed in the U.S. as a popular style of music, incorporating West African, rhythms, classical music, etc. Dance Sergey Diaghilev developed modern ballet by blending classical ballet elements with modern dance styles Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham pioneered styles that laid the foundation for modern dance Architecture The Bauhaus school of architecture linked beauty to practicality, and avoided using classical styles as patterns Frank Lloyd Wright of the U.S. blended his structures with their natural surroundings – organic architecture The Bauhaus school of architecture grew in Germany as a break from the traditional styles and forms of the past, and tied architecture to the function of the building. The Bauhaus Dassau Popular Culture Hollywood productions began to dominate movie theaters of the time Silent movies were popular, at the beginning The beginning of sound in films increased their popularity – musicals, gangster films, and horror movies Dance bands popularized the dance music of the era – jazz, swing After World War I, the United States isolated itself from foreign influences and eventually slipped into an economic depression. SECTION 2: U.S. ISOLATIONISM AND DEPRESSION Woodrow Wilson As WWI ended, Woodrow Wilson tried to keep the U.S. involved in world affairs, specifically the League of Nations Congress had to vote by 2/3 to join the League of Nations for it to go into effect ◦ Wilson refused to compromise and work with Congress ◦ Then, Wilson suffered a stroke The U.S. did not join the League of Nations Red Scare and the KKK Americans began to fear foreign influences after World War I The spread of communism in Russia made many Americans afraid that it might spread to the U.S. – “red scare” The Ku Klux Klan rose again with support from people who feared non-American influences Post-war Prosperity World War I had given much of the economy, especially manufacturing, a boost Many Americans had a great deal of confidence in the economy ◦ Some industrial workers had increased wages ◦ Many people began to buy on credit or speculate in the stock market Weaknesses of the Economy However, the economy had many underlying weaknesses ◦ The farming sector of the economy was not doing well ◦ Demand for products and the increase in wages across the economy were not keeping up with production – factories were making more than could be purchased Stock Market Crash In 1929, the stock market crashed, and this signaled the beginning of the Great Depression ◦ Loan brokers called in the collection of loans ◦ Financial panic resulted in a run on the banks – not enough cash to cover ◦ As banks failed, businesses closed, wages fell, workers lost their jobs The U.S. government mostly stayed out of providing assistance, at first FDR and the New Deal In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president of the United States Roosevelt and Congress worked together to pass laws that provided assistance to the economy ◦ Regulated banks and the stock market ◦ Established production guidelines ◦ Sponsored public works programs to provide jobs Later laws also created social security and unemployment insurance After World War I, Great Britain experienced a loss of global power because of mounting debt and industrial competition with the U.S. and Japan. SECTION 3: GREAT BRITAIN Economic Competition During the war, Great Britain had to turn all of its resources to fighting the war ◦ Had to borrow money from the U.S. when it ran out ◦ When Britain turned most of its factories to war production, it was no longer able to produce to trade with its partners ◦ These trading partners eventually started trading with the U.S. and Japan, instead The Commonwealth of Nations Great Britain reorganized its government into the Commonwealth of Nations ◦ Voluntary linking of Great Britain with its colonies on an equal basis ◦ After a series of resistances and uprisings by Irish nationalists in British Ireland, Britain granted self-government to the southern counties of Ireland – northern six counties remained in Great Britain After World War I, France struggled to recover. SECTION 4: FRANCE France’s Troubles France had suffered greatly during World War I ◦ Much French farmland was destroyed ◦ Cities and towns along the battlefield were mostly reduced to rubble ◦ Much of France’s infrastructure was destroyed, which made it harder to recover ◦ Half of the males aged 18 to 32 were killed Economic and Political Problems France faced economic and political trouble after World War I ◦ Unemployment, inflation, war debts ◦ Unable to rebuild infrastructure ◦ Political parties competed for votes, and these coalitions quickly fell apart ◦ Extremist groups such as communists, socialists, fascists, anarchists, and nationalists began to struggle for power Keeping the Peace France worked to try to maintain peace with Germany through different ways ◦ League of Nations and the international community ◦ Forming strategic alliances with other nations in case of German attack ◦ Construction of the Maginot Line – defense line along the border with Germany France also tried to work with the government of Germany to maintain peace Benito Mussolini and the Fascist party took power in Italy following World War I. SECTION 5: ITALIAN FASCISM Totalitarianism During World War I, many governments had adopted increased control over most aspects of life to support the war effort After the war, many non-democratic nations adopted this approach to peacetime government, as well Totalitarian governments resulted, in which the government sought to control every aspect of its citizens lives Italy’s Problems Many Italians were unhappy after World War I ◦ Thought Italy had been cheated at the Paris Peace Conference ◦ Heavy unemployment for returning soldiers, strikes, peasants seized land The Italian government wasn’t able to do anything to relieve these problems Benito Mussolini In 1919, Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, formed a new political party – the Fasci di Combattimento (Fascist party) Totalitarian government that supported: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Glorification of the state Single-party system with strong ruler Aggressive nationalism Expand and increase glory through war, if necessary Mussolini and the Blackshirts Mussolini, as head of the fascist party, was able to use the unrest and discontent, plus the violence of the fascist blackshirts, to take power as prime minister 1924 election – Blackshirts used intimidation and beatings to make sure people voted only for fascist candidates Mussolini and the fascists worked to end democratic government in Italy Mussolini’s rule Many Italians opposed fascism – Mussolini and the fascists responded by saying that “the masses must obey.” Most Italians supported Mussolini ◦ Opposed communism and revolution ◦ Brought order to the nation Mussolini rekindled feelings of patriotism in Italians and spoke of a future of renewed Italian power Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party took power in Germany. SECTION 6: NAZI GERMANY Weimar Republic Germany had adopted a democratic form of government after the war known as the Weimar Republic This government struggled with Germany’s post-war problems and tried to hold onto power ◦ In 1920, nationalist army officers tried to overthrow the government; failed Germany’s Problems German war reparations had been set at $35 billion – German government, in 1922, said it couldn’t pay the reparations France sent troops into Germany and took over coal mines and steel mills; German workers went on strike To make the payments, the German government began to print more money – inflation soared In the mid 1920s, Germany and France made an agreement to decrease the payments – Germany began to recover slightly Hitler and the Nazis Many different political parties opposed the Weimar government – among them was the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi party after World War I, and formed the Sturmabteilung (SA), or brownshirts, a paramilitary group of young veterans and street thugs Hitler attempted to seize power in 1923, but was arrested Mein Kampf In prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, a book that outlined the basic beliefs of Nazism ◦ Communists, Jews, and other groups were responsible for Germany’s defeat in World War I ◦ Germans made up a master race that should rise in power and expand Hitler and the Nazis created a false history behind why the Germans were a master race Hitler’s Rise After Hitler got out of prison, he continued his leadership of the Nazi party ◦ During the Great Depression, he promised to end unemployment in Germany ◦ Also promised to restore Germany’s military power In the early 1930s, the Nazis gained a large number of seats in the Reichstag, Germany’s law-making lower house In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany Reichstag Fire Hitler still didn’t have enough power to set up a totalitarian government A week before new elections were to be held, the Reichstag building burned to the ground – Hitler blamed communists The SA forced German voters to back the Nazis, who took many more seats in the Reichstag After the elections, Hitler was granted emergency powers to deal with the “communist threat.” Nazi Reforms All parties except the Nazi party were banned Freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly were limited Nazi government took over factories and production, also controlled churches Nuremberg Laws 1935 – Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws, taking away citizenship from Jews, banning them from schools November 9 and 10th, 1938 (Kristallnacht) – Nazis attacked Jews on the streets and vandalized Jewish property; Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei) arrested Jews and political opponents, some shot Jews and others were rounded up and sent to concentration camps Hitler’s Rule Now with absolute power, Hitler adopted the title, “der Fuhrer” – leader Set about to restore Germany’s power ◦ Ignored the Treaty of Versailles and ordered German factories to begin building weapons, ammunition, planes, tanks, etc. ◦ Stopped payments to the Allies Nazi Controls To glorify Nazism, the Nazis brought all art, architecture, learning, etc., under the control of the government – many of Germany’s brightest minds left Propaganda praising the government flooded the population ◦ Stressed the importance of devotion to the nation The Nazis even set up youth organizations to teach young children the beliefs of Nazism (Hitlerjugend) Lenin and Stalin worked to increase the power of the USSR, and the power of the communist government. SECTION 7: THE USSR Lenin and the USSR V.I. Lenin had taken power in Russia as part of the communist revolution Lenin brought all major industries under state control, but early in his rule, allowed some small industries to operate privately Russia changed its name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR In theory, the state was controlled by the workers, but in reality, it was controlled by the government and the Communist party Josef Stalin Lenin dies of a stroke; in 1922 Josef Stalin takes over Stalin thought the USSR should concentrate on growing strong, and that this would encourage communist revolutions in other nations Stalin was a capable administrator, and was also paranoid, cold, and ruthless Five Year Plans Stalin wanted to transform the USSR into an industrial power Announced Five Year Plans to reorganize industrial and agricultural production under government control ◦ Built heavy industry and collectivized farming at the expense of consumer goods The Five Year Plans and Stalin’s reign were characterized by tight control and careful planning – often inefficient and clumsy Farm Collectivization Stalin brought farms under government control; thought it would be more efficient and would allow for a surplus He also used collectivization to intimidate anti-Communist peasants Many collectivizations resulted in revolts by the peasants; the government put down this resistance and often sent these people to prison camps or starved them into submission Terror and Control Stalin demanded complete obedience from his people and used terror as a government tool Used secret police to keep an eye on people and their actions Stalin purged the government and Communist party of elements that he thought might be disloyal; extremely paranoid Before After In Soviet Russia, the picture Photoshops YOU!