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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 World War I
SECTION 2 Between the Wars
SECTION 3 World War II
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
Chapter 37 discusses international affairs
during the twentieth century from World War I
through World War II. 
– Section 1 discusses World War I,
focusing on its underlying causes,
significant campaigns, and impact. 
– Section 2 describes the origins and
impact of communism, and traces the
rise of dictatorships in Italy and
Germany. 
– Section 3 analyzes the causes, events,
and results of World War II.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• discuss the causes, events, and results of
World War I. 
• describe how communism developed in
Russia. 
• explain reasons Italy and Germany
became dictatorships. 
• trace the course and outcome of World
War II.
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Read to Discover
• What the causes, events, and results of
World War I were 
• How communism developed in Russia 
• Why Italy and Germany became
dictatorships 
• What the causes, events, and results of
World War II were
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 603 of your textbook.
Terms to Learn
People to Know (cont.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
mobilize 
armistice 
soviets 
dictatorship 
appeasement 
genocide 
Holocaust 
People to Know
• Franz Ferdinand 
• Woodrow Wilson 
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Nicholas II 
Vladimir Lenin 
Joseph Stalin 
Adolf Hitler 
Winston Churchill 
Places to Locate
• Sarajevo 
• Pearl Harbor 
• Hiroshima 
• Nagasaki
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Why It’s Important
The first half of the 1900s was a period of
turmoil throughout the world. In 1914, a
war broke out in Europe that soon grew
to be World War I. Although it ended in
1918, anger over the peace settlement
and poor economic conditions following
the war led to World War II. The same
period also saw the rise of communism in
Russia and neighboring countries.
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World War I
• For almost 100 years after Napoleon’s
defeat, no long, general European war
developed. 
• By the early 1900s, however, rivalries
among the countries of Europe were
causing trouble.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 603 of your textbook.
Background
• By the early 1900s, tension grew between
several European countries. 
• World War I was ignited at Sarajevo, a small
town in Austria-Hungary, when Gavrilo
Princip, a teenager, shot and killed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the
throne of Austria-Hungary, in 1914. 
• Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian
government for the Archduke's death and
declared war on Serbia.
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Background (cont.)
• Russia, an ally of Serbia, began to
mobilize, or call up its troops, to go to
Serbia's aid, and Germany declared war on
Russia to support Austria-Hungary. 
• Together, Germany, Austria-Hungary, the
Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria were
called the Central Powers. 
• Russia, Serbia, France, Great Britain,
Japan, Italy, and China were called the
Allied Powers.
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From 1914 to 1918
• World War I was different from any earlier
war as it was the first war where civilians,
or people who are not soldiers, were also
attacked. 
• Most land fighting involved 31 countries and
took place in Europe, the Middle East, and
Africa; naval warfare took place all over the
world. 
• A new technology of frightening weapons
was introduced. 
• Much of the fighting took place on the
western front.
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From 1914 to 1918 (cont.)
• When German submarines sank American
ships with civilians on board, the United
States declared war on Germany. 
• The Americans helped to bring a quick
end to the war, in favor of the Allied
Powers. 
• On November 11, 1918, Germany and its
allies agreed to an armistice, or a
stopping of the war. 
• The war was over, costing the lives of
over 13 million soldiers and 17 million
civilians.
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Making the Peace
• Woodrow Wilson, the President of the
United States, had drawn up a peace plan
called the Fourteen Points. 
• The peace treaty that Germany signed after
World War I was called the Treaty of
Versailles. 
• The other Central Powers were dealt with in
separate treaties. 
• Only one point of President Wilson's peace
plan was kept–the League of Nations was
established so countries of the world could
talk over their troubles.
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Section Assessment
What made World War I different
from earlier wars?
World War I was different for several
reasons including: 31 countries with
65 million soldiers took part; there
were new types of weapons; and
civilians were involved.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did the United States refuse
to join the League of Nations?
They refused to join because many
Americans disagreed with the war
treaties and wanted to stay out of
world affairs.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Identifying the Central Issue Why
do you think many Americans
opposed United States membership
in the League of Nations?
Americans opposed joining because
of the technological and global
impact of the war.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page
608 of your textbook, and use it to
show the new nations created under
the treaties ending World War I.
New nations included: Poland, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and
Yugoslavia.
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Between the Wars
• The 1920s and 1930s were difficult for
people everywhere. 
• Most were trying to recover from the
damage caused by World War I. 
• In 1929, a depression, or a sudden slowdown in business, began. 
• People started to question their forms of
government.
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the information. Section 2 begins on page 608 of your textbook.
Emerging Russia
• In Muscovy, the years following the death of
Ivan the Terrible in 1584 were called the
“Time of Troubles,” which ended in 1613
with the crowning of seventeen-year-old
Michael Romanov as czar. 
• The first great Romanov ruler was a
grandson of Michael's, Peter the Great,
who came to the throne in 1682. 
• The next great Romanov ruler was
Catherine the Great, who came to the
throne in 1762.
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The Road to Revolution
• During the 1800s, there was a great deal of
discontent in the Russian Empire. 
• In 1861, Czar Alexander II tried to fairly
modernize the country; he freed the serfs,
and most became tenant farmers. 
• In 1905, thousands of workers appeared in
the palace square asking for a national
assembly, freedom of speech and religion,
and better working conditions.
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The Road to Revolution (cont.)
• Finally, Czar Nicholas II agreed to some of
the workers' demands. 
• World War II made Russia’s problems
worse. 
• In March 1917, the Russian people
revolted as striking workers jammed the
streets of St. Petersburg. 
• The czar was forced to abdicate and a
temporary government was set up.
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Lenin
• Following the overthrow of Nicholas II, a
revolutionary group called Bolsheviks, led
by Vladimir Lenin, gained the support of
the soviets, or committees that represent
workers and soldiers. 
• In November 1917, when the Bolsheviks
seized power, Lenin was chosen to lead
the new government.
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Lenin (cont.)
• From 1918 to 1920, Russia was divided by
a civil war between the majority Bolsheviks–
now known as Communists– and the
minority Mensheviks, or non-Communists. 
• By 1924, the Soviet Union was completely
under the control of the Communist party
and when Lenin died, Petrograd was
renamed Leningrad.
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Stalin
• In 1928, Joseph Stalin took control of the
government and the Communist party. 
• Stalin set up Five-Year Plans with the
major goal to build up heavy industry, or
the manufacture of basic materials and
machines. 
• Another goal was collectivization, or
uniting small farms into large ones
controlled by the government. 
• Those who resisted collectivization were
either shot or sent to labor camps in
Siberia.
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The World Economy
• The worldwide depression, called the Great
Depression, which began in 1929, affected
most industrialized countries except the
Soviet Union. 
• Factories closed, millions of people lost
their jobs, banks failed, and people lost
their savings.
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Democracy or Dictatorship
• Some western countries, such as the United
States and Great Britain, had a long
tradition of stable, democratic government,
but voters felt it should do more now to help
the people. 
• Italy was the first nation to become a
dictatorship, or a country ruled by a
single person with absolute authority. 
• In 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor,
or prime minister, of Germany, but before
long, he set himself up as dictator and
called himself Der Fuhrer, which means
"the leader."
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The Road to War
• Soon Germany and its allies, Italy and
Japan, began to threaten world peace. 
• The British and the French, afraid of
another war, decided to follow a policy of
appeasement, or giving in to demands. 
• In Japan, the military who ran the country
wanted more land and natural resources
and invaded Manchuria, in northern
China.
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The Road to War (cont.)
• In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union
signed a treaty agreeing not to attack each
other, and the German army attacked
Poland, overrunning the western part of
the country, while the Soviets occupied the
rest. 
• The British and the French realized they
had made a mistake in not resisting
Hitler's earlier attacks, and both declared
war on Germany.
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Section Assessment
How did Peter the Great reform
Russia?
He learned modern western ways.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What were the goals of Stalin’s
Five-Year Plans?
His main goal was to build up heavy
industry.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did Great Britain and France
declare war on Germany?
The German army attacked Poland.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Understanding Cause and Effect
How did the policy of appeasement
contribute to the start of World War
II?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page 615 of
your textbook, and use it to write a headline
showing the importance of each of these
dates in Russian history: 1613, 1682, 1762,
1825, 1861, 1905, 1917, 1921.
Possible answers: 1613–crowning of Michael
Romanov/start of Romanov dynasty; 1682–Peter
the Great comes to throne; 1762–Catherine the
Great comes to the throne; 1825–reform-minded
army officers rebel against the czar; 1861–
Alexander II frees the serfs; 1905–workers
uprising; 1917–revolt of Russian
people/Bolsheviks seize power; 1921–defeat of
non-communist Whites
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World War II
• For the second time during the 1900s, the
world was at war. 
• World War II caught the Allied Powers–
including Great Britain, France, and, later,
the Soviet Union and the United States,
unprepared. 
• The Axis Powers–Germany, Italy, and,
later, Japan–were prepared. 
• The war would end with the Allied Powers
victorious, after a terrible cost was paid.
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the information. Section 3 begins on page 616 of your textbook.
Early Axis Victories
• Germany had developed a new way of
fighting called blitzkrieg, or “lightning war.” 
• Germany crushed Poland and overran most
of western Europe except for Great Britain. 
• At the same time, the Japanese took over
much of China and Southeast Asia. 
• On December 7, 1941, the Japanese made a
surprise air attack on Pearl Harbor. 
• The United States, followed by most of Latin
America, immediately entered the war on the
side of the Allied Powers, helping to win the
war.
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War in Europe
• The United States was the greatest
industrial power in the world and provided
thousands of planes and tanks and other
supplies the Allies were lacking. 
• Hitler ignored the treaty he had signed
and attacked the Soviet Union for needed
resources. 
• In defense, Soviet troops used a
scorched-earth policy, burning cities,
destroying their own crops, and blowing
up dams that produced electric power.
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War in Europe (cont.)
• The tide of battle turned in 1943 when the
Red Army surrounded German forces at
Stalingrad and forced them to surrender. 
• Soviet forces kept pushing the Germans
back all along the eastern front. 
• In 1944, under the command of American
General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Allied troops
landed on the beaches of Normandy in
France. 
• German armies were now caught between
the Soviets in the east and the Americans,
British, French, and Canadians in the west.
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War in Europe (cont.)
• When the Allied forces joined together at
the Elbe River in Germany, Hitler and the
Germans realized they could not win. 
• The next day, the war in Europe was
officially over.
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War in Asia and the Pacific
• The war in Asia and the Pacific was fought
at the same time as the one in Europe. 
• At first the Japanese were victorious
everywhere. 
• Then, in June 1942, a great sea and air
battle took place at Midway Island,
changing the course of the war in favor of
the Allies. 
• President Harry S Truman, who became
President after Roosevelt, did not want to
invade Japan.
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War in Asia and the Pacific (cont.)
• Hoping for a Japanese surrender, he
approved the use of a new weapon–the
atomic bomb. 
• On August 6, 1945, the bomb was dropped
on Hiroshima, Japan. 
• When the Japanese refused to surrender, a
second atomic bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki, Japan. 
• On August 14 Japan surrendered, the
peace treaty was signed on September 2
aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, and
World War II was over.
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The Aftermath of War
• The Nazis had carried out a program of
genocide, or the mass murder of a people,
against the Jews and others, known as the
Holocaust. 
• After the war ended, Allied armies in Europe
found German concentration camps. 
• The Japanese, too, had killed men,
women, and children in the countries they
conquered. 
• The Allied governments felt that these cruel
acts could not be excused and put German
and Japanese leaders on trial for war crimes.
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Making the Peace
• One result of World War II was the
formation of the United Nations (UN), an
organization formed to prevent war, lend
money, and provide medical care and better
education. 
• Following the war, Germany was divided
into four zones with each occupied by one
of the major Allied powers. 
• The United States occupied Japan for
nearly seven years until the Japanese
military lost power in the government and
Japan became a democracy.
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Section Assessment
Why did Germany attack the
Soviet Union in 1941?
It attacked because Germany needed
the resources of the Soviet Union.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did the United States
decide to drop atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Truman did not want to invade Japan.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment
If you were living in 1945, would you
have supported or opposed the use
of the atomic bomb against Japan?
Why?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page 622 of
your textbook, and use it to show some of the
results of World War II for Germany, Japan,
and the Soviet Union.
Sample responses: Germany–divided into four
zones and occupied by Allied armies; capital of
Berlin divided; territory given to Poland; Nazi
leaders tried for war crimes; Japan–military
government ousted; leaders tried for war crimes;
democratic government formed; passage of voting
rights for women; recognition of labor unions;
secret police abolished; large farms broken up and
sold to farm workers at low prices; loans granted to
help rebuild the economy; Soviet Union– occupied
part of Germany and Berlin; reacquired lands lost
after World War I
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• In 1914, a conflict between Serbia and
Austria-Hungary began World War I. 
• World War I involved more nations, used
more technological weapons, and
resulted in more deaths than any other
earlier war. 
• The United States entered the war in
1917 and helped defeat Germany and its
allies. 
• President Woodrow Wilson was unable to
prevent the passage of treaties aimed at
punishing Germany.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• Despite efforts by Peter the Great and
Catherine the Great to modernize Russia,
Russian serfs and workers continued to
suffer, leading to a series of revolts against
the czars and the final overthrow of the
government in 1917. 
• Under the leadership of Lenin and then
Stalin, Russia became a Communist nation
known as the Soviet Union. 
• A worldwide depression aided the rise of
dictatorships and paved the way for a
second world war.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• World War II began in 1939 when Germany
broke an agreement and invaded Poland.
The United States entered the war in 1941
after Japan bombed naval bases at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii. 
• Word War II ended a short time after the
United States dropped two atomic bombs on
Japan. 
• After World War II, the United Nations was
formed, Germany was divided into four
zones, and the United States occupied
Japan.
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Understanding the Main Idea
How did nationalism contribute to
World War I?
Nationalism fueled the growth of rival
alliances and the desire of groups in
eastern Europe, such as the Serbs,
for independence from AustriaHungary.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How was the Treaty of Versailles
different from Wilson’s Fourteen
Points?
The treaty punished the nations that
had lost the war.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What happened to the world
economy in 1929?
A depression set in, factories closed,
and banks failed.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the British and French
give in to Hitler’s demands at first?
They feared another war.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What major events led to the defeat
of Germany in World War II? To the
defeat of Japan?
Allied forces crossed the English
Channel, and the Germans were
caught between them and the
Soviets. Atomic bombs were
dropped on Japan.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why was the United Nations
formed?
to prevent war
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What do you think might have
happened if the United States had
not entered World War I?
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Critical Thinking
Why do you think so many Soviet
peasants resisted collectivization?
The peasants feared losing their
lands.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What do you think could have been
done to stop Hitler from invading
neighboring countries?
earlier counter-aggression
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Do you think the United States
would have entered World War II if
Japan had not bombed Pearl
Harbor? Explain.
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Geography in History
Location Refer to the map on page
619 of your textbook. Several small
island groups in the Pacific Ocean
were the sites of battles between
the United States and Japan. Why
do you think the battles occurred on
these islands rather than on the
Japanese mainland?
They were closer and easier to
capture.
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the answer.
Evaluate this 1945 plan: WW II is
dragging on. President Truman
orders a full invasion of Japan to be
launched from California by
American land, sea, and air forces.
poor plan; Japan too far away; troops
will be intercepted
67
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the answer.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human
Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive
activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the
browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty
connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com
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70
1914
1929
World War I
begins
Worldwide
depression
1945
First atomic
bomb dropped
on Japan
1917
1939
Russian
Revolution
World War II begins
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Joseph Stalin
1879–1953
Soviet Dictator
A shoemaker’s son, Joseph Stalin
spent his childhood in Georgia, a
region south of Russia. He attended a
religious school, where he was
punished for reading about revolution.
Stalin later adopted the ideas of Karl
Marx. However, instead of doing away
with government, as Marx had hoped,
Stalin built an all-powerful state in
which workers had little say.
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Radar
PLUTO
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Radar
Radar, invented by physicist Robert
Watson-Watts in 1935, gave the British
a powerful new weapon against the
German air force during the Battle of
Britain. By 1939, a chain of radar
stations had been built along
England’s southern and eastern
coasts, detecting incoming aircraft and
providing an early-warning system.
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PLUTO
After D-Day, the Allies installed
PLUTO–Pipe-Line Under the Ocean.
The pipeline ran under the English
Channel and supplied 700 tons of
gasoline a day for Allied trucks and
tanks advancing across Europe.
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Remembering Veterans
November 11, 1918–the day World War
I ended–is a time when members of the
armed services are honored in many of
the former Allied countries. Once
called Armistice Day, since 1954 it has
been called Veterans Day in the United
States. It is Remembrance Day in
Canada and Armistice Day in Britain.
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A Party Theme
Anne Frank
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A Party Theme
When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for
president in 1932, he adopted the song
“Happy Days are Here Again” as his
campaign theme. The Democrats still
play the song at their party’s national
convention.
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Anne Frank
Anne Frank, a Jewish teenager, kept a
diary during the two years she and her
family spent hiding from the Nazis in
an attic room in Amsterdam. She was
arrested in 1944 and sent to the Nazi
death camp at Bergen-Belsen, where
she died at age 15. Millions of people
have read her account, The Diary of a
Young Girl, first published in 1952.
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Blitz
As bombs rained down on London,
Britons shortened the German word
blitzkrieg to blitz. Today the word blitz
is used for a defensive maneuver in
American football, in which one or
more defensive linebackers charge
through the offensive line and try to
tackle the quarterback before the ball
can be passed.
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