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The Road to 1939 The Origins of the Second World War –A Thirty Years’ War? –The Rise of Fascism –1935: Italy captures Abyssnia –1936: Germany reoccupies the Rhineland –1938: Austria annexed The Road to 1939 –The Western Response »Appeasement (Munich,1938) »Sudetenland occupied »Kristallnacht, 1938 –1939: Czechoslovakia occupied –23 August: Russian/German nonaggression pact signed –1 September: Germany invades Poland Canada’s Response The Memory of the First World War – 65,000 dead – An act of nationbuilding – Conscription: An Act of Division http://www.rumneyhighschool.cardiff.sch.uk/docs1/pag Canada in 1939 Population: 11 million 750,000 unemployed Largest City: Montreal 9 provinces; 2 territories Prime Minister King 64 years old Liberal leader since 1919 Prime Minister 1921-1926 1926-1930 1935-1948 Why Does Canada Go to War in 1939? An autonomous nation –Statute of Westminster, 1931 No direct threat from Europe Insignificant armed forces –Intended to fight . . . the Americans? –Intended for home defence? »Spending priorities: Air ForceNavy-Army The Decision Was it simply because Canadians were sympathetic to their British origins? –“irrational, incoherent, and to most intellectuals, unintelligent flow of opinion.” Some Church leaders opposed war. So did CCF leader J.S. Woodsworth But attitudes were changing . . . By 1938, many were determined to stop Hitler “Fascism means war. It has meant war and conquest in every land in which it has so far reared its ugly head. And our awakening to this state readily cannot come a moment too soon.” –The New Outlook, United Church of Canada, 22 April 1938. King’s Decision “Parliament Will 10 Decide” September 1939 –Canada officially goes to war for the first time independently –But what does it reflect? 26 August 1939: More significant? A War of Limited Liability Canada’s Home Defence is a first priority Canada’s industrial and agricultural resources to be a measure of our position British Plan Commonwealth Air Training King’s Dilemma Maurice Duplessis, Premier of Quebec Mitch Hepburn, Premier of Ontario Too much or too little? King and the Premiers Quebec: No conscription If Duplessis wins, no Quebec representation in the Cabinet Ontario: Denouncing the War Effort King Calls an Election British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Est’d December 1939 “Aerodrome for Democracy” Would this be Canada’s main contribution to the War? –“A War of Limited Liability” BCATP 131,000 pilots, navigators, aircrew are trained to 1945 December 1939: The First Division Goes Overseas The Seaforth Highlanders (Vancouver) First Canadian Infantry Division 1 Canadian Infantry Division Divisional HQ Major-General A.G. L. McNaughton 1 Brigade Royal Canadian Regiment (PF) 48th Highlanders of Canada(Toronto) Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment 2 Brigade Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PF) Seaforth Highlanders of Canada The Edmonton Regiment 3 Brigade The Royal 22nd Regiment (PF) Carleton and York Regiment (New Brunswick) The West Nova Scotia Regiment The Phoney War Ends King calls an election, March 1940 –a massive wartime mandate April: The Blitzkrieg begins in Western Europe –Denmark/Norway 10 May: The low countries and France 10 June: Italy joins the war 14 June: Paris falls 17 June: France sues for peace An End to Limited Liability Winston Churchill, PM “We shall never surrender” http://www.bbc.co. uk/history/war/wwt wo/churchill_audio. shtml Britain Stands Alone (with Canada) An End to Limited Liability 6 June 1940: National Resources Mobilization Act –two Canadian armies created: –Home Defence (conscripts) –General Service (Overseas)