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The Road to U.S. Involvement in World War II 1918 – 1941 Legacy of the 1st World War Treaty of Versailles • Germany severely punished and most of Wilson’s 14 points left out League of Nations • U.S., U.S.S.R., & Germany never join • Helped settle disputes with small powers • Less success with major powers Could not stop Japanese, Italian, or German aggression in the 1930s U.S. returns to Isolationism Washington Disarmament Conference (1921 – 1922) • Five Power Treaty meant to reduce the navy power of the U.S., Japan, & Britain • U.S. basically lets Japan get a naval advantage in the Pacific Locarno Pact (1926) • Western European nations agree to existing boarders • “spirit of Locarno” would mean no more war Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) – a.k.a. “Paris Pact” • 62 nations: war illegal except for defensive purposes • No enforcement mechanism War Debt, Reparations, & the Great Depression U.S. a creditor nation after WWI (Allies owe $16 billion) • High U.S. tariffs hurt European economies Dawes Plan (1924) • U.S. banks loaned Germany $, Germany paid Gr. Britain & France, who paid the U.S. Hoover debt moratorium (1931) • U.S. policies seen as harboring ill-will during the 1930s World wide Great Depression • Germany has 50%+ unemployment and huge inflation • Japan exports fall by 50%, blame western trade policies • What effect did this have in these countries in the 1930s? U.S. changes policy in Latin America Clark Memorandum (1928) – reverses the “Big Stick” policy FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy • By 1934, U.S. had removed all troops from Nicaragua, Haiti, Cuba (repealed Platt Amendment) • Stayed out of Mexican oil nationalization (which hurt U.S. oil companies) U.S. and the World U.S. avoided London Economic Conference (1933) – Isolationism FDR (Sec. of State Cordell Hull) begins to lower tariffs and to open free trade agreements with 21 nations FDR recognized the U.S.S.R. (1933) Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) – free the Philippines after 10-year period of economic and political tutelage Totalitarian States Fascism • Italy – Mussolini (1922) • Germany – Hitler (1933) Militarism • Japan – Military Dictatorship (early 1930s) Communism • U.S.S.R. – ruthless leadership under Stalin (1924) Fascism and Nazism Totalitarian • Fascism – glorify the state and expand Benito “Il Duce” Mussolini Controls Italy • The Blackshirts (fascists) – restore glory of the Roman Empire • Becomes Dictator (1922) • 1935 – Invades Ethiopia Adolf Hitler Rules Germany • Hitler joins National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazis Party) • Attempted to take over Germany in 1923 • Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”) Blamed Jews for Germany’s problems Encouraged increase in military Aryan race • Der Fuhrer (“the leader”) Nazi party gains strength during the Great Depression Hitler become dictator (1933) Germany Expands 1933 – Germany withdrawals from the League of Nations Invades the Rhineland (1936) • Testing if anyone would stop them The German Empire Grows • March 1938, Austria annexed • Sudetenland (Czechoslovakian border) Munich Conference France and Britain’s appeasement • Czechoslovakia Peace agreement with Soviet Union • Poland September 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland Britain and France declare war on Germany September 5, 1939 – FDR declares U.S. Neutral Japan Expands 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria (China) 1934 – ends Washington Naval Treaty (1922) & begins a massive naval buildup 1936 – Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany (anti-communism/U.S.S.R.) Why? • Needed raw materials, needed new markets, needed space for population (U.S. anti-Asian immigrant policy), wanted more respect from the world’s powers U.S. remains Isolated American people concerned with own economic conditions and not rising totalitarianism Nye Committee • Concluded that U.S. involvement in WWI was to help banks and munitions makers Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, & 1937) • U.S. would not trade weapons or grant loans to belligerent nations at war • No travel on vessels of nations at war (no Lusitania this time) • Cash and Carry Policy for non-military goods • U.S. navy loses relative strength (idea that strong navies cause war) Europe Goes to War Blitzkrieg (“lighting war”) • Stalin takes half of Poland for the Soviet Union Sitzkrieg (“sit-down war”) • French build up the Maginot Line April 9, 1940 – Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway May – Germany attacks Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg Fall of France (June, 1940) The Battle of Britain • 1st of Hitler’s fatal mistakes (June, 1941) Hitler invades the Soviet Union (German need for Lebensraum) • 2nd of Hitler’s fatal mistakes Japan Continues to Expand 1937 – Japan launches full scale war on southern China • Ends Open Door • Panay Incident (12/12/1937) Japan bombs a U.S. gunboat & 3 Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River (2 killed, 30 wounded) Japan apologizes and promised no further attacks 1940 – Tripartite Pact: Rome – Berlin – Tokyo Axis U.S. response to Expansion 1937 – FDR’s “Quarantine” speech • Must “quarantine” expansions through economic sanctions 12/29/1939 – FDR’s “Arsenal of Democracy” speech • Conflict in Europe is a threat to U.S. independence (Nazis want to take over the world) Congress approves $37 billion for 2-ocean navy and huge air force Sept. 1940 – Selective Service and Training Act • 21 to 35 registered for a year of military training • 1st ever peace-time draft Isolationists vs. Internationalism America First Committee • U.S. protect its own shores if Germany defeats England Charles Lindbergh • Most famous of isolationists “Fortress America” • Senator Robert A. Taft: defense not intervention Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies • Use “all methods short of war” to defeat Hitler Destroyer-Bases Deal • 9/2/1940: FDR trades 50 destroyers to Britain for 8 bases in the Western Hemisphere Election of 1940 Democrats FDR for a 3rd Term 1. Keep U.S. out of war 2. Defend New Deal 3. Aid to Allies 449 Electoral Votes Republican Wendell L. Willkie 1. Keep U.S. out of war 2. New Deal spends too much 3. Strengthen U.S. defenses 82 Electoral Votes FDR moves the U.S. to intervene 1/6/1941 – “Four Freedoms” Speech • Speech & Expression, Religion, from Want, & from Fear 4/1941 – American Neutrality Patrol • Patrol Atlantic for German U-boats 8/1941 – Atlantic Charter • Secret meeting between FDR & Churchill • Basis of alliance (later endorsed by Stalin) • Basis of the United Nations 9/4/1941 – Shoot-on-sight Policy • End of neutrality, American ships lost and U.S. begins to occupy lands for their protection (Greenland & Iceland) Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor U.S. warns Japan about further movements in Asia Embargo 1940, 1941 Japanese-U.S. negotiations • Hideki Tojo December 7, 1941 – “a date which will live in infamy” • U.S. declares war on Japan U.S. enters World War II • Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.