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CHAPTER 25 Americans and a World in Crisis 1933-1945 INTRODUCTION 1.) How did President Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy affect U.S.-Latin American relations? 2.) How did the American people and their govt. respond to the international crises of the 1930 ’s? 3.) How did President Roosevelt and Congress mobilize the country for war? 4.) What impact did the war have on the U.S. economy? 5.) How did the war change American society and affect minorities and women? 6.) What were the different goals of the U.S.A., G.B. and the U.S.S.R. and how did these goals affect their combat strategies? 7.) Why did President Truman decide to drop atomic bombs on Japan, and was he justified in doing so? THE UNITED STATES IN A MENACING WORLD, 1933-1939 Introduction During FDR’s fist 2 terms, he improved relations with Latin America Meanwhile, aggressive, militaristic fascist regimes came to power in Italy, Germany, and Japan The U.S.A. reacted to these developments abroad ambivalently Torn between dislike of fascism and even stronger desire for peace NATIONALISM AND THE GOOD NEIGHBOR The Good Neighbor policy Agreed that no state has the right to intervene in the affairs of another Applied in Latin America Withdrew forces from Haiti and Dominican Republic Ended the Platt Amendment Refrained from using force against left-wing govts. in Cuba and Mexico FDR did apply economic pressure to influence events FDR’s restraint in using military force improved U.S.-Latin American relations THE RISE OF AGGRESSIVE STATES IN EUROPE AND ASIA Italy Benito Mussolini Took control in 1922 1938--invaded Ethiopia THE RISE OF AGGRESSIVE STATES IN EUROPE AND ASIA Germany 1933 Adolf Hitler Became chancellor of Germany Absolute dictatorship Preached racism, aggressive nationalism, and anti-Semitism THE RISE OF AGGRESSIVE STATES IN EUROPE AND ASIA Hitler Persecuted the Jews Military buildup Conquest of other countries 1936--Rhineland 1938--Austria 1938--Sudetenland Munich Conference--appeasement by France and Great Britain 1931--Japanese imperialists seized Manchuria from China 1937--began a war of conquest to take over all of China THE AMERICAN MOOD: NO MORE WAR Americans disliked these actions in Europe and Asia but were determined not to be pulled into another war U.S.A. participation in WWI as a mistake Nye Committee Reveled the roles played by bankers and weapons suppliers in WWI In the 1930’s, novelists and playwrights condemned war THE AMERICAN MOOD: NO MORE WAR Neutrality Acts 1935 Prohibited the U.S. from making loans or selling arms to “belligerent nations” Banned Americans from traveling on the ships of nations at war U.S. Dept. of State link THE GATHERING STORM, 1938-1939 Hitler seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia Threatened to attack Poland Signed the German-Soviet Non-Aggression pact Ensured Russian neutrality during the planned German invasion of Poland Mussolini took over Albania THE GATHERING STORM, 1938-1939 Many Americans grew alarmed and started to feel that the U.S.A. should take a more active role FDR sent messages to Hitler and Mussolini asking them to pledge not to invade any other nation They were responded with ridicule Roosevelt asked Congress to appropriate much more $$$$ to build up U.S. defenses AMERICA AND THE JEWISH REFUGEES Throughout the 30’s, German persecution of the Jews intensified 1935--Nuremberg Laws Stripped German Jews of citizenship and rights 1938--Kristallnacht A wave of Nazi violence against Jews Attacked their homes, synagogues, and businesses AMERICA AND THE JEWISH REFUGEES Tens of thousands of European Jews fled and seek countries that would admit them Among the refugees were: Distinguished musicians Architects Writers Scholars Many would enriched the cultural life of their adopted nation Physicists Leo Szilard and Enrico Fermi would play key roles in developing the atomic bomb for the U.S. AMERICA AND THE JEWISH REFUGEES Congress would not amend discriminatory laws to offer a haven to hundreds of thousands of additional Jews needing a safe home FDR did not exert pressure on Congress to do so either The majority of Americans opposed letting in more Jews Isolationist Anti-immigrant Anti-Semitic attitudes 1939--the U.S. stopped a ship carrying Jewish refugees and forced it to return to Europe There the country-less refugees were soon murdered by the Nazis INTO THE STORM, 1939-1941 The European War Sept. 1, 1939 WWII began Hitler attacked Poland GB and France declared war on Germany They were committed by a treaty to defend Poland THE EUROPEAN WAR The U.S.A. revised the Neutrality Acts Now permitted was the sale of weapons to “belligerents” on a cash-and-carry basis Many saw this as a way to help Britain and France without having to fight April 1940--German armies turned on Denmark and Norway May 1940--they conquered Netherlands and Belgium mid-June 1940--they captured France THE EUROPEAN WAR The Battle of Britain July 10 to Oct. 31, 1940 German bombing raids over cities in England Prime Minister Winston Churchill appealed to FDR for help The majority of Americans favored a stepped-up weapons shipments to GB An articulate minority feared that such aid would weaken U.S. defenses and needlessly pull the U.S.A. into war FROM ISOLATION TO INTERVENTION In 1940, FDR decided to run for a 3rd term because of the situation in Europe Republican opponent was Wendell Willkie During the campaign, Roosevelt continued his interventionist position Signed an executive agreement with Churchill Gave Britain 50 overage U.S. destroyers in exchange for leases on air and naval bases in British possession in the Western Hemisphere FROM ISOLATION TO INTERVENTION America First Committee Organized by isolationists Preached that we must not give any aid to “belligerents” or become involved in the struggle against Hitler Roosevelt was elected to an unprecedented 3rd term FROM ISOLATION TO INTERVENTION Lend-Lease Act Passed Congress in March 1941 Permitted the president to lend or lease military equipment to any country whose defense he thought vital to American security June 1941--Hitler attacked U.S.S.R. Roosevelt gave lend-lease aid to the Soviets and British FROM ISOLATION TO INTERVENTION Constant sinking by German U-boats sent most of the supplies to the bottom of the Atlantic To prevent such losses, the U.S.A.: Began to convoy British ships as far as Iceland tracked German submarines Notifying the British of the location of Germany submarines FROM ISOLATION TO INTERVENTION By the fall of 1941, the U.S. and Germany were engaged in an undeclared naval war Atlantic Charter Summer of 1941 Meet off the coast of Newfoundland Moved Roosevelt and Churchill closer to an alliance A joint proclamation declaring that they were fighting the Axis powers to “ensure life, liberty, independence and religious freedom and to preserve the rights of man and justice." PEARL HARBOR AND THE COMING OF WAR Japan expanded its aggression from China to the resource-rich British, Dutch, and French colonies in Southeast Asia Japan wanted to dominate all of Asia This clashed with the Open Door policy Roosevelt applied economic pressure on Japan PEARL HARBOR AND THE COMING OF WAR By 1940, Washington prohibited the sale of aviation gasoline to Japan Tokyo occupied northern Indochina and signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy=Roosevelt placed an embargo on all items Japan needed July 1941--Japan seized the rest of Indochina=U.S. froze Japanese assets in the U.S.=ended all trade PEARL HARBOR AND THE COMING OF WAR Japan made a last-ditch effort to persuade Washington to reopen trade and recognize Japan’s conquests If that failed, Japan would attempt to destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor Washington knew its refusal would provoke an attack somewhere in the Pacific Roosevelt would not yield He sent warnings to all base commanders PEARL HARBOR AND THE COMING OF WAR Dec. 7, 1941 Japan struck Pearl Harbor History Channel video Dec. 8 Congress recognized that a state of war existed with Japan Roosevelt speech Dec. 11 Japan’s 2 allies (Germany and Italy) declared war on U.S. and the U.S reciprocated PEARL HARBOR AND THE COMING OF WAR In the months after Pearl Harbor, the United States faced a bleak situation Nazi submarines prowled off the east coast and took a heavy toll on Allied ships Hitler’s armies had pushed to the outskirts of Leningrad and Moscow Germany was launching new offensives in the Crimea, Caucasus, and North Africa AMERICA MOBILIZES FOR WAR Organizing for Victory To plan the military effort FDR created: the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Office of Strategic Services (would later become the CIA) To mobilize the economy Roosevelt: Established hundreds of special wartime agencies War Production Board Allocated scarce materials, limited manufacture of civilian goods, and awarded military production contracts Japan took over: Philippines, Malaya, Thailand, Hong Kong, Guam, Wake, Singapore, Dutch East Indies, and most of the island chains in the Western Pacific ORGANIZING FOR VICTORY The U.S. produced more armaments than Germany, Italy, and Japan combined Govt. contracts guaranteed handsome profits to the giant corporations that received most of the defense contracts Federal authority and the federal budget grew rapidly The influence of the military and big corporation on American life grew also THE WAR ECONOMY Between 1941 and 1945, the U.S. govt. spent nearly twice as much as it did from 1789 to 1940 Fueled by this expenditure, the economy boomed During the war: Purchasing power of industrial workers went up 50% Corporate profits climbed by 70% Unemployment vanished as 17 million new jobs were created THE WAR ECONOMY Many of the poor moved into the middle class Most labor leaders gave no-strike pledges John L. Lewis led his miners on repeated work stoppages An increasingly conservative Congress retaliated with the antilabor Smith-Connally Act Office of Price Administration imposed price controls and rationing Done to curb inflation As a result, the cost of living only rose by 8% during the last 2 years of the war THE WAR ECONOMY The govt. raised the huge sums needed to fight the war with: the sale of bonds Provided half the money Steeply increased federal taxes Provided the rest of the $$$ “A Wizard War” The govt. also employed thousands of scientists Manhattan Project A secret project Designed to beat the Germans in the race to develop nuclear weapons Led by physicist Robert Oppenheimer Spent about $2 billion July 16, 1945--tested the first nuclear bomb PROPAGANDA AND POLITICS Office of War Information and the Office of Censorship Jobs were to unify Americans and prevent dangerous security leaks PROPAGANDA AND POLITICS Full employment and prosperity led to a politically conservative trend In 1942--more Republicans and conservative Democrats were elected to Congress Cut welfare programs Abolished New Deal agencies Halted any further reforms The role of the federal govt. in people ’s lives grew larger Supervised the economy Funded research Molded public opinion CHOOSING SIDES Allies France Britain US USSR Axis Germany Italy Japan STRATEGIES Allies Followed a “Defeat Hitler First” strategy. Most American military resources were targeted for Europe. In the Pacific, American military strategy called for an “island hopping ” campaign, seizing islands closer and closer to Japan and using them as bases for air attacks on Japan, and for cutting off Japanese supplies through submarine warfare against Japanese shipping. Axis Germany hoped to defeat the Soviet Union, gain control of their oil fields, and force Britain out of the war with a bombing campaign and submarine warfare before America’s could join the war. Following Pearl Harbor, Japan invaded the Philippines and Indonesia and planned to invade both Australia and Hawaii. They hoped America would accept Japanese dominance in the Pacific, rather than conduct a bloody and costly war to stop Japan MAJOR BATTLES North Africa El Alamein: German forces threatened to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal. Defeated by the British. Prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Eastern oil supplies and attacking the Soviet Union from the south. THE BATTLEFRONT, 1942-1944 Liberating Europe- “Beat Hitler First” The British and Americans concentrated on beating Hitler first, then Japan Stalin pressed his 2 allies to launch an invasion of Europe as quickly as possible Churchill convinced Roosevelt that they should land in North Africa first By May 1943--they had defeated German and Italian armies Soviets turned the tide of the war in the east Won at Stalingrad Held out at Leningrad Attacked the German invaders along a thousand-mile front MAJOR BATTLES Europe Stalingrad: Hundreds of thousands of German soldiers were killed or captured in a months-long siege of Stalingrad. defeat prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet oil fields and turned the tide against Germany in the east. Normandy landings (D-Day): American and Allied troops under Eisenhower landed in German -occupied France on June 6, 1944. Lots of casualties. The landings succeeded, and the liberation of western Europe from Hitler began. LIBERATING EUROPE The British and Americans then captured Sicily and started a slow march up the Italian peninsula Mussolini was deposed in July 1943 The new Italian govt. surrendered Allies encountered stiff opposition from Germany troops LIBERATING EUROPE 1944-1945--the Soviets cleared the Germans out of the U.S.S.R. The Soviets continued to pursue them across eastern Europe June 1944--British and Americans landed on the beaches of Normandy Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944-Jan. 1945 Nazis temporarily stopped the Allied drive By early 1945, the Americans and British reached the Rhine WAR IN THE PACIFIC The Japanese advances in the Pacific were first halted in the spring and summer of 1942 Battle of Coral Sea and Battle of Midway U.S.A. Navy and Army assaulted Japanese strongholds in: Solomon Islands Gilbert Islands Marshall Island Mariana Island The U.S. Navy largely destroyed what was left of the Japanese fleet at the Battles of the Philippine Sea and Leyte Gulf MAJOR BATTLES Pacific Midway: American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force as it prepared to take Midway Island A Japanese victory at Midway would have enabled Japan to invade Hawaii. The American victory ended the Japanese threat to Hawaii and began a series of American victories in the “island hopping” campaign, carrying the war closer and closer to Japan. MAJOR BATTLES Pacific Iwo Jima and Okinawa: Brought American forces closer than ever to Japan, but cost thousands of American lives and even more Japanese lives Japanese soldiers and civilians committed suicide rather than surrender. THE GRAND ALLIANCE Great Britain, Soviet Union, and the U.S.A. Created out of military necessity All 3 had different goals for the postwar period Roosevelt wanted to: defeat fascism Establish a new world order strong enough to keep the peace Open trade Protect national self-determination THE GRAND ALLIANCE Churchill hoped to: Keep the British colonial empire Maintain a balance of power in Europe against the Soviets Stalin hoped to: Weaken Germany permanently To protect his country against any future attack from the west Impose Soviet domination over eastern Europe THE GRAND ALLIANCE FDR attempted to reconcile these differences with personal diplomacy He held top-level wartime conferences with the Allied leaders at: Casablanca Cairo Tehran The first meeting between the Allied leaders concerned the details of the Normandy invasion and other military and political problems were discussed THE GRAND ALLIANCE Roosevelt was reelected to a 4th term in 1944 Harry S Truman was his VP Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey FDR won by the smallest margin of his career WAR AND AMERICAN SOCIETY Introduction About 15 million Americans served in the armed forces Another 15 million moved from one place to another More women than ever before entered the paid labor force The GI’s War GIs saw death and brutality all around them Some troops in all of the armies committed atrocities Some suffered lasting psychological damage Others became hardened and cynical For many their war service opened new vistas They experienced foreign cities and countries Learned to be more tolerant of other Americans Different religions, classes, ethnicity, regions, etc. About 1 million of them married women they met overseas THE HOME FRONT 15 million Americans moved from one location to another for family and economic reasons People left rural areas to seek jobs in warproduction centers Terrible shortages of housing and other facilities developed Urban blight and many social problems The West grew in population THE HOME FRONT High school enrollment dropped More teenagers took full-time jobs The armed forces sent nearly a million people to college campuses for special training Americans went to the movies to watch films that entertained them The public received war news from periodicals and the radio THE HOME FRONT Millions of women went to work in defense plants High wages Patriotism Govt. encouragement THE HOME FRONT By 1945--women constituted over 1/3 of the labor force Took on formerly male-dominated work: Welding Riveting Operating cranes Running lathes They only earned about 65% of what men received for the the jobs THE HOME FRONT More than 1/3 of the women had children under 14 There were few day-care centers Children were often left on their own Juvenile delinquency increased alarmingly Marriage, birth, and divorce rates soared About 300,000 women joined the armed forces After 1945, most women left their wartime occupations Women gained a new sense of their own capabilities RACISM AND NEW OPPORTUNITIES During WWII, African-Americans demanded that the nation fight racism at home as well as abroad NAACP and CORE led the struggle for civil rights 1941--A. Philip Randolph planned a massive march on Washington FDR signed an executive order prohibiting racial discrimination in hiring and promotion by govt. agencies and defense contractors RACISM AND NEW OPPORTUNITIES The Fair Employment Practices Commission Created by FDR Actually had very little power Wartime labor shortages opened many new jobs for African-Americans About 1 million African-Americans served in the armed forces Generally in segregated units commanded by white officers RACISM AND NEW OPPORTUNITIES In civilian life, tensions developed between African-Americans demanding equality and resistant whites Race riots erupted in dozens of cities More than 700,000 African-Americans left the South to settle in cities of the North and West The move opened up greater opportunities and potential political power WAR AND DIVERSITY 25,000 Native Americans served in the armed forces Another 50,000 left reservations to work in defense industries Many returned to the reservations after the war Conditions on reservations had deteriorated badly because Congress had slashed appropriations for Indian programs CONTRIBUTIONS OF MINORITIES African Americans served in segregated units and were assigned to noncombat roles demanded the right to serve in combat Tuskegee Airmen (African American) served in Europe with distinction. Communication codes of the Navajo were used (oral, not written language; impossible for the Japanese to break). Mexican Americans also fought, but in nonsegregated units. Suffered high casualties and won numerous unit and individual medals for bravery in action. WAR AND DIVERSITY Hundreds of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States during WWII Some legally, some illegally Worked on the big farms in the western states Mexican-Americans left migratory farm labor to seek better jobs in cities WAR AND DIVERSITY Zoot-suit riots During WWII In LA Between sailors and soldiers and Hispanic youth WAR AND DIVERSITY About 350,000 Mexican-Americans served in the armed forces Emerged from the War with a heightened consciousness and demands for equality THE INTERMENT OF JAPANESE-AMERICANS The govt.’s treatment of Japanese-Americans during WWII was one of the worst violations of civil liberties in U.S. history The govt. uprooted 112,000 Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast and placed them in internment camps in remote interior regions Atmosphere of hysteria over Pearl Harbor Fear of Japanese invasion of the mainland Traditional prejudice against Asian-Americans THE INTERMENT OF JAPANESE-AMERICANS Korematsu v. United States 1944 Supreme Court case Upheld the constitutionality of evacuation Korematsu decision THE INTERMENT OF JAPANESE-AMERICANS In the 1980’s, the govt. finally admitted that its actions had been unjustified The govt. apologized to Japanese-Americans The govt. agreed to pay compensation to them for property losses they suffered when they were detained TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY, 1945 The Yalta Conference Feb. 1945 The Big Three all meet Roosevelt and Churchill had to make concessions to Stalin Stalin promised to declare war on Japan shortly after Germany’s surrender Western leaders agreed to the Soviets regaining the territory Japan had taken from them in 1905 THE YALTA CONFERENCE Roosevelt and Churchill settled for Stalin’s vague promise to allow free election in Eastern Europe He never allowed them Stalin agreed to the formation of the United Nations in April 1945 History Channel video--Yalta Conference VICTORY IN EUROPE April 1945--American and Soviet troops met at the Elbe River History Channel audio--Elbe River report April 12--FDR died History Channel speech--Truman on FDR's death April 30--Hitler committed suicide May 2--Berlin fell to the Soviet May 8--Germany unconditionally surrendered V-E Day VICTORY IN EUROPE Harry S Truman became the new president Truman distrusted the Soviets He accused them of breaking their Yalta promise to allow free elections in Eastern Europe VICTORY IN EUROPE Stalin responded angrily and tightened his hold on eastern Europe April to June 1945--San Francisco conference Framed the United Nations Charter History Channel speech--United Nations formed High tensions between Big Three July 1945--meeting at Potsdam The Big Three agreed on very little at the meeting THE HOLOCAUST Nazi genocide of Jews during WWII Extermination camps Mass murders and torture Roosevelt administration was more concerned with winning the War as quickly as possible rather than destroying the camps Very little attempts to rescue European Jews Congress and the public did not want to admit large #s of Jewish refugees to the U.S.A. THE HOLOCAUST By 1945--Nazis murdered: 6 million Jews About 3 million gypsies, communists, homosexuals, etc. Allies liberated the death camps in the last months of the War Took pictures of the horror they saw THE ATOMIC BOMB The fighting in the Pacific continued in 1945 U.S. captured Iwo Jima and Okinawa U.S. suffered heavy causalities at both battles THE ATOMIC BOMB July 1945--U.S. successfully tested an atomic bomb History Channel video--atomic bomb tested Truman issued the Potsdam Declaration Called on Japan to surrender unconditionally or face “prompt and utter destruction” Japan rejected the warning Truman ordered the use of nuclear bombs THE ATOMIC BOMB Aug. 6--Hiroshima History Channel video--Hiroshima Aug. 9--Nagasaki Japan then surrendered Many historians have debated if the U.S.A. needed to use the atomic bombs Was it justified? Motives? THE ATOMIC BOMB Fifty million people died in WWII More than 1/2 were civilians Soviet Union lost 20 million About 400,000 U.S. servicemen died Much of Europe and Asia was ruined U.S. was physically undamaged There were profound changes had occurred in American life CONCLUSION The U.S. used isolationism in the the 1930’s as a response to the aggressions of Germany, Italy, and Japan After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Congress voted for war on Japan Hitler and Mussolini then declared war on the U.S.A. CONCLUSION Once in the War, the country engaged in total war The powers of the federal govt. (especially the president) expanded mightily to mobilize the American economy fully U.S. became more productive and prosperous than ever before The Depression ended Fully employment returned The majority of people earned good $$$$ CONCLUSION Allied armies defeated the enemy Americans’ faith in “capitalism and democratic institutions” rebounded Confidence and optimism about our future and national strength grew America then locked horns with its former ally the Soviet Union in a Cold War