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Happy Thursday!! • Take your vocab out so I can come around a check it • I will be giving you a new stamp sheet • Did you know: a blue whale’s heart is the size of a Volkswagen Beetle World War II Setting the Stage Dictators Threaten World Peace • The Great Depression devastated economies around the world and people began to look for strong leaders • Japan, Italy, Russia and Germany were all angry over the Treaty of Versailles and believed they deserved land • Nationalism was spreading throughout the world Dictators Around the World • Joseph Stalin – Russia/Soviet Union – Created a model communist state • Had abolished all privately owned farms and replaced them with collective farms • Focused more on industrialization instead of necessities like food and clothing in his 5 year plan – Millions starved to death – Great Purge- killed millions of supposed traitors – Established a totalitarian government- 1 person controls everything Dictators Around the World • Benito Mussolini – Italy – Gained popularity by promising to fix the economy and get more land – Also appealed to nationalistic feelings and a fear of communism in Italy – 1921 established fascism- stressed nationalism and placed the state’s needs over individual needs Dictators Around the World • Adolf Hitler – Germany – Promised the people he would fix the economy and gain back land that was taken – Anti communist – Wrote Mein Kampf-outlined his goals for Germany • Get land, build up military, get revenge for Treaty of Versailles, fix economy, create “master race” – Joined Nazi Party- extreme nationalism – 1933-appointed chancellor of Nazi Party Dictators Around the World • Japan – Hedeki Tojo- military leader – Hirohito- Emperor – Military took over and promised the people new land and revenge for the Treaty of Versailles Dictators Began to Take Over • Japan took over Manchuria – League of Nations pretty much did nothing • Germany left the League of Nations • Germany began violating the Treaty of Versailles – Began to build up the military – Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland, a buffer zone between France and Germany • The League of Nations did nothing • Italy invaded Ethiopia – League of Nations did nothing The US Response • Most citizens wanted to stay out of European Affairs – Isolationism • Signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact- it denounced war • Congress passed the Neutrality Acts – Outlawed the sale of arms or loans to nations at war or engaged in a Civil War • President Roosevelt found neutrality hard to follow – Sent arms to China to help fight Japan Aggression in Europe • Germany, Italy, and Japan continued to be aggressive • Hitler took Austria in March 1938 – Nobody did anything • Hitler now wanted Czechoslovakia, especially an area called Sudetenland – France and Britain meet to discuss what to do (Manchurian Conference) • Decided to let Hitler have Sudetenland to avoid war – Appeasement- giving up principles to pacify aggressors What was Soviet Union doing? • At first the Soviets declared neutrality • Hitler wanted to make an agreement with the Soviets to protect his future plans of invading Poland • Non-Aggression Pact- Stalin and Hitler signed this pact and agreed to never attack each other Poland • France and Britain agreed if Hitler tried to take Poland they would get involved • Hitler invades Poland on September 1, 1939 • Hitler used his newest military strategy Blitzkrieg – Lightning war – Fast planes and tanks • On September 3, 1939 France and Britain declared war on Germany – WWII begins • Poland was not saved and Hitler and Stalin agreed to split it France • After a long period of no fighting Germany surprise attacked France • German troops trapped the French soldiers up north and 330,000 had to be saved by the British via the English Channel • France falls Britain • Hitler now wanted Britain • Britain was almost defeated but was saved by 3 things – Refusal to give up (last allies standing) – Radar- took the element of surprise out of Germany’s plan – The British smuggled in a German code machine What else is going on? • Japan – Continuing to brutalize China and Manchuria – Japan continued to take islands in the Pacific (getting closer and closer to the US territories) – US refused to recognize Japanese conquests and tension begins to rise between the 2 countries – The US imposed an embargo on experts of oil and steel to Japan What else is going on? • The US – Despite isolationist feelings at home the US is increasingly helping Britain • Sending war supplies • Roosevelt said “lending a garden hose to a next door neighbor whose house is on fire” – Germany is beginning to “police” the Atlantic and threatened US Ships • Hitler invades Russia – Mid 1941- Hitler broke the non-aggression act and invaded the Soviet Union The Holocaust • The systematic murder if 11 million people across Europe – Jews, Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, handicapped, mentally ill – 6 million were Jews, which Hitler blamed for Germany’s problems • Nuremberg Laws – 1935 – Limited actions of Jewish people The Holocaust • Kristallnacht – November 1938 – “Night of broken glass” – Beginning of violence towards the Jewish people – 100 killed – Thousands attempted to flee to other countries • Many were turned away and sent back to Germany The Holocaust • Hitler begins his “Final Solution” – Genocide-systematic and deliberate killing of an entire group of people • Anyone who was not part of the “master race” (Aryan race) – The Final Solution included the following: • • • • Death Squads Ghettos Concentration Camps Mass Extermination Happy Monday! • Start working on SOL quiz on back of warm-up • Did you know: your odds of filling out a perfect March Madness bracket is 1 in 35,360,000,000—almost 18 times worse than your odds of being killed by a waterspout in a year- (1 in 1,988,000,000). World War II US Involvement and Major Battles US Policy at first • Strong isolationist sentiment – Neutrality Act to avoid getting involved • Helped Britain – “Cash and Carry”- FDR’s plan in 1939 to provide military aid as long as the British paid cash and transported supplies in their own ships – “Destroyers for Bases”- US gave GB old naval warships in return for US access to British military bases in Bermuda and Caribbean • Lend-Lease Act- gave President the authority to sell or lend equipment to countries to defend themselves against the Axis power – “garden hose” comparison Pearl Harbor • Japan was trying to get complete domination over Asia • While negotiating with the US and without warning, Japan carried out an air attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 • Destroyed much of American Pacific fleet and killed several thousand Americans • Roosevelt called it “a date that will live in infamy”- asked Congress to declare war on Japan • Hitler had an agreement with Japan and then declared war on the US Allies v. Axis • Allied Powers: Britain, Soviet Union (after Hitler’s attack), US – Strategy: “Defeat Hitler First” • Most American resources went to Europe first – Pacific Strategy: “Island hopping” • Seizing islands closer and closer to Japan and using them as bases for air attacks on Japan, • cutting off Japanese supplies through submarine warfare Axis Powers • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy and Japan • Strategy (Europe): – Germany hoped to defeat the Sov. Union quickly and gain control of Soviet oil field – Force Britain out of war through a bombing campaign and submarine warfare before the American industries turn the tides • Pacific Strategy: – Japan invaded the Philippines and Indonesia and planned to invade both Australia and Hawaii – Hoped that America would accept Japanese predomination in SE Asia and the Pacific Battles and Turning Points • North Africa- El Alamein – German forces threatened to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal. – Defeated by the British which prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Eastern oil supplies and potentially attacking the Soviet Union from the South • Europe- Stalingrad – Hundreds of thousands of German soldiers were killed or captured in a month-long siege of the Russian city of Stalingrad – Prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet oil fields and turned the tide against Germany in the East Battles and Turning Points Cont. • Europe- Normandy (D-Day) – American and Allied troops under Gen. Eisenhower landed in German- occupied France on June 6, 1944 – Faced intense German opposition and heavy American casualties – Liberation of Western Europe from Hitler had begun • Europe- Battle of Bulge (Dec. 1944) – Germans had pushed back but they lost men, tanks and ammo and planes – Weakened the Nazis Battles and Turning Points Cont. • Liberation of Concentration Camps – Soviet and US forces came in and freed people in Nazi concentration camps • German Surrender – By April 25, 1945 the Soviets had stormed Berlin – Hitler committed suicide on April 30 • V-E Day – Gen. Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the Germans – May 8, 1945 the Allies celebrated V-E Day- Victory in Europe Day Battles and Turning Points Cont. • Pacific- Midway- turning point on Pacific front – American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force on Midway Island – A victory for Japan would enable them to invade Hawaii – American victory ended the Japanese threat to Hawaii – Island hopping pushed to war back to Japan • Pacific- Iwo Jima and Okinawa – Brought American forces closer the Japan than ever before – Both invasions cost thousands of American lives and even more Japanese • Japanese soldiers and civilians committed suicide rather than surrender- kamikaze-suicide planes The Atomic Bomb • Manhattan Project July 1945- American scientists create atomic bomb – Headed by Robert Oppenhiemer – Tested in New Mexico-very secret • FDR dies and Harry Truman takes over • Truman ordered the use of the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9) to force surrender • 200,000 died of injuries and radiation poisoning • Japanese Surrender on Sept. 2, 1945 Rebuilding • Yalta Conference- Feb 1945, FDR, Churchill (GB) and Stalin (SU)- The Big Three – Stalin wanted to break Germany into occupation zones – Churchill disagreed and FDR played mediator • Needed SU to help in the Pacific and wanted them to join a new peace-keeping organization- United Nations – FDR convinced Churchill to divide Germany into 4 temporary military zones (one for each country- FR, GB, US, SU) – Stalin agreed to join against Japan and agreed to meet in April for the formation of the United Nations Rebuilding Cont. • Nuremberg Trials – Allies put 24 surviving Nazi leaders (including Hitler’s most trusted official) on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against peace and war crimes – 12 of the 24 were sentenced to death, others went to prison – Principle of individual responsibility was now entranced in international law • Couldn’t hide behind “just following orders” • Japan was occupied by US forces under Gen. MacArthur – Japanese leaders were put on trial and sent to prison – Called for a new constitution- MacArthur Constitution African-American contributions • African-Americans generally served in segregated military units • Assigned non-combat roles – demanded the right to serve in combat roles rather than support roles • Tuskegee Airmen- all black squadron – Fought in Italy and won 2 Distinguished Unit Citations (highest commendation) for outstanding aerial combat against the Germans Nisei Regiment • 1,300 Asian-Americans from Hawaii • Served in Italy and North Africa • Saw brutal combat and became known as the Purple Heart Battalion • Became the most decorated unit in US History Navajo Code Talkers • The Navajo language was oral, not written • US used Navajos to transmit messages • Language seemed to have Asian overtones but was impossible for the Japanese to break • Developed terms such as “chicken hawk” for “divebomber”; “war chief” for “commanding general” • Were recognized for their efforts in 1969 Other Minority involvement • Mexican-Americans served in nonsegregated regiments • Minority units suffered high casualties and won numerous unit citations and individual medals for bravery in action Treatment of Prisoners • The Geneva Convention attempted to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed by all nations – No cruel and unusual punishment – Treatment of prisoners in Europe closely followed the ideas of the Geneva Convention • Treatment of prisoners in the Pacific Theater often reflected the savagery of the fighting there – The Bataan Death March- American POWs (prisoners of war) suffered brutal treatment by Japanese after surrender of the Philippines Happy Thursday! • Turn in battles packet • SOL quiz on back of Agenda World War II the Home front WWII on the US Home Front • WWII was a time of opportunity for millions of Americans – People had jobs and money to spend • Populations shifted to areas for work – Towns with defense industries saw population double- Radford • Rationing was used to maintain supply of essential products to the war effort – Got a rationing book with coupons for buying things like meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and gasoline – Encouraged carpooling or riding bikes to work Financing the War • War bonds and the income tax were used to finance the war • Businesses retooled from peacetime to war time productions – Car manufacturing turned into tank manufacturing, etc. – War Production Board organized national drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags, and cooking fat • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBMx yS6RHF4 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z449 7GEGOOg Human resources • More women and minorities entered the labor force as men entered the war – More than 6 million workers were women • Rosie the Riveter encouraged women to work – 2 million workers were minorities • The draft/selective service was used to provide personnel for the military – Women participated in non combat military roles • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC)- worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilots • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtMG KXpa7Jc • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwjeB L01tz0 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJV5 wwK12NI Japanese Internment • After Pearl Harbor there was a strong anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coast – People believed that the Japanese Americans were aiding the enemy • Japanese Americans were relocated to internment camps (confinements) – Affected the populations along the West Coast • The Supreme Court upheld the government’s right to act against the Japanese Americans living on the West Coast • After the war the Japanese American Citizens League pushed the gov’t to compensate those sent to camps for their lost property – The US issued a public apology and reparations were paid to individuals Media involvement • The US gov’t maintained strict censorship of reporting of the war • Public morale and ad campaigns kept Americans focused on the war effort – Propaganda • The entertainment industry produced movies, plays and shows that boosted morale and patriotic support for the war effort as well as portraying the enemy in stereotypical ways – Casablanca • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdMl qq-vL5A • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=os9Sr KSj7Lc Postwar Outcomes in Europe • The end of WWII found Soviet forces occupying most of Eastern and Central Europe and the eastern portion of Germany • Germany was partitioned into East and West Germany – West Germany became democratic and resumed self gov’t after a few years of FR, Brit and US occupation – East Germany remained under the domination of the Soviet Union and didn’t adopt democratic institutions • Europe lay in ruins and the US launched the Marshall Plan – Provided massive financial aid to rebuild European economies and prevent the spread of communism Postwar Outcomes in Asia • Japan was occupied by American forces • It soon adopted a democratic form of gov’t and resumed self-gov’t and became a strong US ally United Nations • The UN was formed near the end of WWII • Created a body for the nations of the world to try and prevent future global wars