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Chapter 25
The United States and WWII
Mobilization on the Home Front
Things to Know
1. How the United States expanded its armed forces in
response to America’s entry into WWII
2. Describe wartime mobilization of industry, labor,
scientists, and the media
3. To characterize the efforts of the federal government
to control the economy.
Americans Join the War Effort
The Attack on Pearl Harbor Changed America
5 Million volunteered for military service
- Wasn’t Enough
The Selective Service Act
- Instituted the draft
1. Provided 10 million soldiers
- “GI”
Women In The Military
“There are innumerable duties now being performed by soldiers
that can actually be done better by women”
WAAC
- Women would get
1. Less pay
2. Less rank
3. Could not make the army a career
Minorities In The Armed
Services
Why Fight?
“ Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the
protection of a white man”
Reasons Not To Fight
1. Segregated Neighborhoods
2. Denied basic citizenship rights
Reasons To Fight
1. Nazis Would Be Worse
Life On The Home Front
Industrial Response
- Automobile plants retooled to produce tanks, planes, boats, and
command cars
- Soda makers made bombs
Life on The Home Front
Labor
There was not enough manpower to fight and work in
the factories
The Solution
1. 6 Million women work in factories
Rosie the Riveter
Life on the Home Front
Mobilization of Scientists
Office of Scientific Research and Development
1. Brings Scientists into the war effort
Greatest Achievement
- The Atomic Bomb
1. Manhattan Project
Life on the Home Front
Work = Cash
What do you do with cash?
What do you spend it on?
Entertainment
Life on the Home Front
Entertainment
60% of American s went to the movies once a week
- War oriented propaganda films
Movies
Songs
1. Songs of Russia
1. “Praise the lord and
2. Beasts of Berlin
pass the ammunition”
Magazines
1. Covered with War
The Federal Government
Terms
- Issei & Nissei
Internment of Japanese Americans
Many Americans were convinced that Japanese Americans were
spies
1. Japanese Americans in Hawaii were sent to internment
camps
2. West Coast 110,000 Japanese Americans sent to
internment camps
Government Controls The
Economy
Office of Price Administration
- Fought inflation by freezing prices
- Set up a system of Rationing
War Production Board
- Decided which companies would switch from peacetime
to wartime goods
- Organized nation wide drives to collect scrap iron
The War for Europe and North
Africa
• Be able to summarize the Allies’ plans for
winning the war
• Be able to identify events in the war in
Europe
• Be able to describe the liberation of
Europe
The United States and Great
Britain Join Forces
War Plans
December 22 1941
1. Germany First
2. Only an Unconditional Surrender
The Battle of The Atlantic
Hitler orders attacks of U.S. ships
First 2 Months
1. 87 U.S. Ships Sunk
First 7 Months
1. 681 Allied Ships Sunk
The Battle of The Atlantic
Allied Responses
1. Convoy System
- Radar
2. Crash Ship Building Program
3. Enigma Code Breakers
The Eastern Front
Operation Barberosa
The Battle of Stalingrad
Germany
1. Wanted to seize oil fields
2. Wanted Stalingrad
Mid-Summer 1942
330,000 German Troops Invade
The Eastern Front
“Stalingrad is no longer a town. By day it is an
enormous cloud of burning, blinding smoke; it is a
furnace lit by the reflection of the flames. And when
night arrives, one of the scorching, howling,
bleeding nights, the dogs plunge themselves into the
Volga (river) and swim desperately to gain the other
bank. The nights of Stalingrad are a terror for them.
Animals flee this hell; the hardest stones cannot bear
it for long; only man endures.”
The Eastern Front
Soviet Counter Attack ( November 1942)
-German Generals want retreat
1. Stuck
- Winter
Germans Surrender (February 2nd 1943)
- 91,000 German soldiers remain
- 1,250,000 Soviets are dead
Soviets Move West
The North African Front
Operation Torch
- Invasion of Africa
1. Dwight D. Eisenhower
November 1942
1. 107,000 Troops Land
Who Were They Fighting ?
Hitler’s Afrika Korps
Germans
Surrender
1. Gen. Erwin Rommel (The Desert Fox)
May 1943
The Italian Campaign
Allies Invade Italy (Summer 1943)
Italians did not want anymore war
1. July 25th 1943
- King Victor Emmanuel strips Mussolini of his power
Hitler’s Response
1. Captures Italy
2. Puts Mussolini back in charge
The Italian Campaign
Bloody Anzio
-Fought 40 Miles from Rome
-4 Months
-25,000 Allies/ 30,000 Axis
April 28th 1945
-Mussolini tries to escape
-Shot dragged through the streets
Allies Liberate Europe
D-Day
-Invasion of Axis controlled France
June 6th 1944
Allied troops storm the beaches of Normandy
in France
Allies Liberate France
September 1944 Allies Liberate France
"The object of war is not to die for your country, but to
make the other guy die for his."
Lead me, follow me, or get out of my way.
Allies Liberate Europe
The Battle of The Bulge (December 6th 1944)
The Last German Offensive
- Surprised Allied Troops
Men were lying around moaning and crying. When Germans
came over, they would say, “is he breathing?” and would
either shoot or hit him with the butt of their guns.
- Homer Ford (U.S. GI )
Allies Liberate Europe
Soviets in Berlin (April 25th 1945)
- Hitler Prepares for the end
1. Gets Married
2. Writes his last speech
3. Kills himself
V-E Day (May 8th 1945)
- Victory in Europe
1. Unconditional Surrender
Chapter 25 Section 3
• Identify Key Turning Points In The War In
The Pacific
• Explain The Development Of And The
Debates Concerning The Atomic Bomb
• Describe The Challenges Faced In
Building A Lasting Postwar Peace
The War in the Pacific
Japanese Advances
Empire dwarfed Hitler’s Third Reich
U.S. Retaliation
U.S. Submarines
- Attacked Japanese merchant vessels
1. Very Successful
April 18th 1942
- 16 B-25 bombers
1. Colonel James Doolittle
2. Hit factories/ oil tankers/ military targets all over the main
island of Japan
The Battle of Midway
The Battle of Midway
- Chester Nimitz
1. Learned of a coming Japanese attack on the island of
Midway
Why?
2. U.S. outnumbered 4 to 1
- U.S. is able to win
Island Hopping
Japanese soldiers were dug into many islands over
thousands of miles in the Pacific Ocean
Island Hopping (Leap Frogging)
1. Bypassing Islands
2. Very Successful
The Yalta Conference
February 1945
Allied Leaders Meet to discuss the end of the war
Conclusions of the Yalta Conference
1. Soviets would enter
the war
2. The United Nations
Japanese Desperation
Kamikazes
- Suicide Planes
1. Used when the Allies got closer to Tokyo
The Battle of Okinawa
The Island of Okinawa
- Japans last defensive stronghold before the main
island
At Sea
1. 1,900 kamikazes
2. 30 U.S. ships were sunk/ 300 damaged
3. 5,000 U.S. soldiers were killed
On Land
1. 7,600 U.S. soldiers died
2. 110,000 Japanese soldiers died
- 2 Generals ritualistic suicide
The Atomic Bomb
The Japanese know they are going to lose the war
Japanese won’t surrender
Back Home
1. Roosevelt Dies
2. Truman Becomes President
The Manhattan Project
Truman Takes Office And Learns Of The Manhattan
Project
The Manhattan Project
- The best kept and most deadly secret of the entire war
1. The bomb that could destroy a city
-Truman learns it would be completed
within four months
We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a
few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from
the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad-Gita. Vishnu is trying to persuade
the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress him takes on his
multi-armed form and says, "Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of
worlds." I suppose we all felt that one way or another.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
To Drop The Bomb Or Not
The Bomb could kill countless civilians/ Soviets promised to declare
war on Japan
The Bomb would end the war
August 6th 1945
- Enola Gay
1. Little Boy
- Hiroshima (Military Center)
1. 43 seconds after the bomb was dropped
Hiroshima ceased to exist
180,000
Dead/
Missing/
Wounded
Hiroshima
“ They say temperatures of 7,000 degrees centigrade hit
me… Nobody there looked like human beings…
Humans had lost their ability to speak. People couldn't
scream, “It hurts!” even when they were on fire… People
with their legs wrenched off. Without heads, or with
faces burned and swollen out of shape. The scene I saw
was a living hell.
- Yamaoko Michiko
To Drop The Bomb Or Not
The Japanese did not surrender
August 8, 1945
- Soviets Enter
August 9, 1945
- Nagasaki
1. Fat Man
- 80,000 Killed or missing
August 10, 1945
- Japan Sues for peace
Allied Victory
September 2, 1945
- Formal Surrender of the Japanese
1. General MacArthur
- Missouri
Allied Victory
Aftermath Affects
• Labor
– Unemployment fell
– Paychecks rose
– Women and minorities
offered better pay
– Women forced out
• Agriculture
– Machinery improved
– Able to pay off
mortgage
• Population Centers
– Dramatic increase
– Start of the Baby Boom
• Family Life
– Women juggled work
and raising children
alone
– Marriage rate
increased, so did
divorce rate
• Returning GIs
– GI Bill of Rights-free
education and job
training
– Federal loans for
buying homes &
farms, starting
businesses
Aftermath Affects
• African-Americans- Founded CORE
(Congress of Racial Equality), staged sitins, founded committees to improve race
relations
• Mexican Americans- Zoot suit rebellion
against tradition
• Japanese Americans- Fought against
forced relocation; founded JACL
(Japanese American Citizens League),
sought compensation for those forced into
internment camps
The United Nations
25 April 1945
Delegates of 50 nations met in San Francisco.
- Charter
1. Adopted unanimously on 25 June 1945
San Francisco
2. General Assembly
11 Member Security Council
Five given permanent seats
Allies-US, Great Britain, France, Soviets, and China
The Breaking Up of Germany
The Potsdam Conference
The Breaking up of Germany
1. Zones
- American
- Soviet
- British
-French
The Nuremberg Trials
1945-1949
International Tribunal
23 Nations
First Trial
22 Top Nazis
1. Crimes Against Peace
2. War Crimes
3. Crimes Against Humanity
The Occupation of Japan
General Douglas MacArthur
1. Trials
2. Free market Economy
3. Governmental Change