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War in Europe 1938 – Germany marches into Austria unopposed 1938 – Germany meets with French premier Daladier and British prime minister Chamberlain to sign the Munich Agreement – Germany now controls the Sudetenland (western border region of Czechoslovakia) 1939 – the remainder of Czechoslovakia is invaded by Germany War in Europe August 23, 1939 – Germany and the Soviet Union sign a nonaggression pact Germany and the Soviet Union also sign secret agreement to divide Poland between them Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland Military strategy known as Blitzkrieg – use of fast tanks, aircraft –take enemy by surprise Sept. 3rd – Britain and France declare war on Germany War in Europe ‘The Phony War’ – – buildup of French and British troops along France’s eastern border –the Maginot Line – waiting for something to happen 1940 – Germany invades Denmark and Norway 1940 – Germany invades France from the north and Italy invades from the south Germany controls Paris and creates a Nazicontrolled ‘puppet government’ Summer of 1940 – the Battle of Britain – Germany attempts invasion of Britain but fails after relentless fighting America Moves Toward War Congress passes the Neutrality Act of 1939 – “cash-and-carry policy” – Warring nations could buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ships September 1940 – Germany, Italy, and Japan sign a mutual defense treaty –the Tripartite Pact – becoming known as the Axis Powers America Moves Toward War 1940 – Selective Training and Service Act – 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35 were registered March 1941 – Congress passes the Lend-Lease Act – The U.S. would lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the United States June 1941 – Hitler invades the Soviet Union and the U.S. sends supplies to the Soviet Union America Moves Toward War Spring 1941 – German submarines or “wolf packs” were attacking convoys at an alarming rate September 1941 – U.S. Navy begins attacking subs and by 1943 the tide in submarine warfare begins to change. 1941 – Atlantic Charter – Joint declaration of war aims between the U.S. and Britain – Collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas. Dec. 7. 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Mobilizing for Defense Building U.S. Defenses: – Congress boosted defense spending – Selective Training and Service Act – first peacetime military draft – Lend-Lease Act – lending or lease of arms and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States” – Atlantic Charter – joint declaration of war aims December 7, 1941 – “a date that will live in infamy” Mobilizing for Defense Americans join the war effort: – Selective Service System expanded the draft and provided 10 million soldiers to meet the armed forces’ needs – Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – worked as nurses , ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilots – By 1943 – ‘auxiliary’ status dropped and WACs received full U.S. Army benefits Mobilizing for Defense Industrial response: – The nation’s automobile plants were retooled to build tanks, planes, boats, and command cars – Factories across the nation converted to war production – Shipyards turned out military vessels in record-breaking time – By 1944 – 18 million workers labored in war industries – more than 6 million were women The War for Europe and North Africa War Plans: – After Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt and Churchill met for three weeks to develop strategies – Churchill convinced Roosevelt to strike first against Germany, allowing for the Allies to gain an upper hand in Europe, and eventually give more resources to the Pacific theater Battle of the Atlantic: – Early German U-boat campaigns eventually gave way to Allied convoys and improved tracking systems that turned the tide in the Atlantic The War for Europe and North Africa The Battle of Stalingrad: – Germans had been fighting on Soviet Union soil since June 1941 – Operation Barbarossa – July of 1942 – Germany attempts to take Stalingrad – Stalingrad was on the verge of collapse until winter set in, turning the tide for the Soviets – German commanders surrendered in January of 1943 – Soviets lost over 1,000,000 soldiers defending Stalingrad – Germany lost more than 230,000 – After the Battle of Stalingrad, the Soviet Union began moving westward toward Germany Key American Commanders Dwight D. Eisenhower – – Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe General Douglas MacArthur – – commander of Allied forces in the Pacific General George S. Patton Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz The War for Europe and North Africa The North African Front: The Italian Campaign: – 1942 - Operation Torch – invasion of Axiscontrolled North Africa – Allied commander – Dwight D. Eisenhower – May 1943 – enemy resistance ceases – Summer of 1943 – Mussolini stripped of power and arrested – 1944 – Battle of Anzio – 25,000 Allied and 30,000 Axis casualties – German resistance continued in Italy until the war’s close in 1945 The War for Europe and North Africa D-Day: – Code-named Operation Overlord – June 6, 1944 – Attack took place at Normandy in northern France – Landing points – Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword beachheads – Within 1 month – 1 million troops landed, 567,000 tons of supplies, and 170,000 vehicles The War for Europe and North Africa Battle of the Bulge: – October 1944 – Germans went on offensive sending eight German tank divisions 60 miles in allied territory – Germans were eventually pushed back – losing 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and assault guns, and 1,600 planes – which could not be replaced – Malmedy – massacre of 120 American GIs by the German SS As the Allies pushed eastward and the Soviets westward, the horror of concentration camps were discovered and finally liberated Operation MarketGarden September 17, 1944 Battle of the Bulge 16 December 1944 6,1944 1945 - June 25 January --------------Normandy (D-Day) Monte Cassino Spring of 1944 Anzio (Operation Shingle) January 1944 Invasion of Sicily July 10, 1943 The War for Europe and North Africa April 12, 1945 – President Roosevelt died of a stroke and Harry S. Truman became the nation’s 33rd president April 25, 1945 – Soviet Union storms Berlin April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945 – Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day is celebrated The War in the Pacific Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor had fortunately missed the Pacific Fleet’s submarines and aircraft carriers Six months following Pearl Harbor, the Japanese expanded their territory to include Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, and much of China Many islands across the Pacific were also captured – Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, and Solomon Islands Philippines – Douglas MacArthur forced to retreat and leave Bataan The War in the Pacific Doolittle’s Raid: – April 1942 – James Doolittle leads 16 bombers in an attack on Tokyo Battle of the Coral Sea: – Five-day battle in May of 1942 that stopped the Japanese drive toward Australia Battle of Midway: – Japanese fleet attacked before they could take Midway Island – losing four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes – Midway marked a turning point in the Pacific – the Allies started to reclaim many islands back from the Japanese and get closer to mainland Japan The War in the Pacific The Allies go on the offensive: – August 1942 – battle for Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands – October 1944 – Battle of Leyte Gulf - 178,000 Allied troops and 738 ships converge on Leyte Island in the Philippines – return of MacArthur – Battle of Leyte Gulf saw the Japanese use ‘kamikaze’ tactics – yet in three days of battle still suffered the loss of 3 battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, 13 cruisers, and almost 500 planes The War in the Pacific Iwo Jima: – Strategic island that could be used for bombers to reach Japan – Defended by 20,700 Japanese – 6,000 marines died taking the island – only 200 Japanese survived Battle for Okinawa: – – – – April-June 1945 Over 12,000 Americans killed An estimated 110,000 Japanese killed 1,900 Kamikaze attacks – sinking 30 ships, and damaging more than 300, almost 5,000 seamen killed The War in the Pacific The Atomic Bomb Ends the War: – Manhattan Project – research directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer – More than 600,000 Americans involved in the project – First test took place in New Mexico on July 16, 1945 – Truman makes the decision to use the atomic bomb The War in the Pacific August 6, 1945 – the Enola Gay drops an atomic bomb code-named Little Boy over Hiroshima August 9, 1945 - second atomic bomb codenamed Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki September 2, 1945 – Japan formally surrenders aboard the U.S. battleship Missouri Limit of Japanese Advance to March 1945 February 1944February June 1944 ------------------------------------------July to August Enewetak 1944 Iwo Jima Saipan January 1944 --------------Guam--------------October 1944 Kwajalein April to 1943 June 1945 --------------- November September 1944 March 1944 --------------Gulf of Leyte --------------------------------------------Tarawa Okinawa February 1943 Peleliu Bougainville Island ----------------June 1942 Guadalcanal January 1942 ---------MayBattle 1942 of Midway ---------February 1942 ---------Bataan Peninsula ---------Coral Sea Casualty: Java Sea 1 carrier sunk, approximately USA – over12,000 approximately killed 6,000 or wounded killed 300 killed JPN – 66,000 more than killed, 20,000 7,000killed captured JPN – 4 carriers sunk, 3057 killed The War in the Pacific Rebuilding Begins: Nuremberg War Trials: The Occupation of Japan: – The Yalta Conference – Feb. 1945 - Roosevelt Churchill and Stalin (the Big Three) meet to decide fate of Germany and the postwar world – Germany dived into four zones – American, British, Soviet, and French – Nazi leaders put on trial for war crimes – 12 of 24 defendants sentenced to death – Nearly 200 more Nazis found guilty of war crimes – – – – MacArthur commands the occupation More than 1,100 Japanese arrested and put on trial Japan’s economy introduced to free-market practices New constitution created allowing for women’s suffrage and basic freedoms