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Germany Nazi Rise p. 448 Germany • EC: In between the end of WWI and Nazi Germany, there was a democratic government called….. The Weimar Republic, 1918 to 1932: • The government that took control of Germany at the end of World War I. • Generals and liberals who wanted to end the war. • Forced Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate; – he would spend the rest of his life in Holland. • EC: They signed the ____ in 1919, (2) • Treaty of Versailles – agreeing to its harsh treatment of Germany. Weimar Government • Began a democratic, ______-style government. • parliamentary – Allowed communists, socialists, liberals, conservatives, and nationalists to hold office….. • EC: Two other major changes: • Women given suffrage. • New Constitution included a bill of rights for all Germans. – Composed in the city of Weimar Chancellor: • A prime minister, selected by the party controlling a parliamentary style government. Angry ultranationalists: • In 1919, angry veterans and other Germans would be the core members. • EC: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei • National Socialist German Workers’ Party: • EC: Aka: • The Nazis. • Their political growth was slow, in the 1920s. Adolf Hitler (background) • Became the leader of the Nazi Party. – He was an Austrian who served in the German Army in World War I. – Like Mussolini, he survived a gas attack on his artillery group, and spent the rest of the war recovering. • He practiced gestures and speech techniques like Mussolini used Adolf Hitler • EC: In 1918, he, like many German soldiers, was shocked and angered that a new German government….(2) – had quit the war – had signed the humiliating Treaty of Versailles. Initial failure; time to write • EC: Inspired by Mussolini’s takeover of Italy, Hitler tried to take over the southern German state of _____ in 1923. • Bavaria • He and other Nazis were arrested and imprisoned. – EC: He had time and he wrote ______. – Mein Kampf (My Battle) • EC: He wrote of three things dangerous to Germany and Europe: (3) – The Versailles Treaty – Communism – The International Jewish Conspiracy Mein Kampf, a plan, not just a hate list. • Hitler blamed Marxists, Jews, businessmen, and corrupt politicians for Germany’s defeat. • EC: The book also talks of solutions that he and the Nazis will make happen: (6) – Germany must unite under one wise, decisive party – Germans must realize they are the superior race and will rule Europe • “Aryan” (White) Race, “Master Race”, – Germany must rearm. – Germans must clean “filthy ideas and races” out of Europe. – Germany must expand and colonize other parts of Europe: • “Lebensraum” (Living Space for Germans) – Racially inferior peoples of Europe will be dealt with…. • lose their lands • work for German colonists. How the Nazis worked in the 1920s: • EC: Actions of the Stormtroopers (SA), “Brown Shirts”: (5) • handed out pamphlets, • organized local rallies • protected Hitler – used a simple word, “Fuhrer” (leader) • recruited new members, • intimidated and attacked Marxists and Jews – defaced and destroyed property; – Beat up and sometimes killed. EC: From the beginning, Nazi promises to get votes were simple: (4) • He would stop paying reparations to France and Britain. • He would create jobs and restore the economy • He would rearm Germany • He would get back lost German territories Hard times, 1920s • The _____ was German territory confiscated by France when Germany could not meet its reparations payments for WWI (according to the Treaty of Versailles). • Ruhr Valley Many joined and many more voted for the Nazis. Who?: (4) • • • • Unemployed workers Businessmen (large and small) Rural and urban people Men and women who loved Germany Oligarchs use the Nazis? • The most powerful Germans despised Hitler, – but thought they could use the Nazis to get rid of _____ – the Communists. • By 1931, the Nazis held many seats in the government. – The Weimar elites made him Chancellor (legally) – President von Hindenburg despised Hitler and stood in his way to complete power. That plan worked, but the elites could not control the Nazis • 1933: Hitler took more control of the government after the death of President von Hindenburg. – He became President as well. • Soon, like Napoleon, he declared a national emergency (martial law) to fight “dangers” inside the nation. • EC: He held a _____ in 1934, asking what?: (3) – referendum • Do you, the German people, accept Adolf Hitler as supreme ruler (and the suspension of democracy): – Yes (Ja) or No (Nay). • “Ninety percent of voters said Yes.” Gestapo: • When in power, Hitler organized a secret police force: – Hunted down and arrested people “dangerous” to Germany. • During WW II, they would often kill their suspects. Third Reich: • Hitler’s Third German Empire. • EC: Like the first two Reichs, Hitler would make Germany master of itself and its neighbors: (2) – Hitler’s Reich would last 1000 years. – The “Master Race”. – EC: The first two reichs were….. • First Reich: The Germanic “Holy Roman Empire” • Second Reich: Germany in 1870, under Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm I EC: Hitler increased job programs: • Reduced unemployment • Modernized and expanded The Volkswagen; Germany In war: the Kubelwagen – Autobahn (national freeway system) • Increased the military Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies: • EC: Hitler began his anti-Jewish program…. (2) • SA harassed Jews on the streets (3) – Heckling – Beating – Vandalism • Book Burnings (3) – Not only works by Jews, but by liberals, communists – Books about peace • All Quiet on the Western Front Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies: – Nuremberg Laws: • 1935, Hitler removed civil rights and citizenship from all German Jews. (6) • Marriages made illegal • Mixed-marriage/dating illegal • No education or teaching in German schools • No government jobs • No practicing law or medicine • No publishing literature or art Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies: • 1938, ____ (Night of Broken Glass) – “Kristallnacht” – Using a small event in Paris, Hitler incited ordinary Germans to (5) • • • • attack Jews anywhere in Germany, destroy their property, drive them out (kill them if necessary). The government also arrested thousands. Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies: • Jews, who could, emigrated out of Germany….. • many countries, even the United States, accepted only a few of them, but mostly blocked them from entering. Winning the “Hearts and Minds” of young Germans (5) • Youth programs • Hitler Jugen (Hitler Youth) and Deutsche Mädshchen (German Maidens) • Speeches, magazines, radio shows, film • School books and lessons • Rallies and field trips • Physical fitness EC: Hitler wanted only the part of religion that justified his actions (3) • He was fighting for God against evil. • All Protestant churches were combined into a state run church. EC: Why? – He regarded the peaceful teachings of Christianity and other religions as spreading weakness. • The Catholic Church was censored. How? (3) – Their schools were closed – Few resisted or spoke out against the Nazis. – Pope Pius XI did nothing to stop it. Image, 449 • Why would inflation hit middle class people with modest savings hard? • They would go through their cash and savings very fast. Standards Check, 449 • What political and economic problems did the Weimar Republic face? • Extreme, competing political parties • Conflict with France over the Versailles Treaty • Runaway inflation in the 1920s • Economic depression in the 1920s and 1930s Biography, 450 • Why do you think historians study Hitler’s upbringing? (Think about what we learned about Freud’s psychoanalysis). • To understand how events from your upbringing (childhood, adolescence) affected his later behavior and beliefs. Standards Check, 450 • • • • Hitler planned: Defy the Versailles Treaty Create jobs Restore German greatness The Great Depression • The Nazis were losing popularity until it started • Hard times made Germans look for someone to blame – The Nazi message pointed out who in Germany and the World were dangerous • Jews controlling New York, London, Paris • Communist agents ruining economies and societies • Bungling, arguing democratic leaders • Degenerate artists and media Purges; a Reformed Nazi Party • EC: Hitler purged Brown-Shirt Nazis that “worried” him. The event is called __ – “The Night of the Long Knives” • EC: Organized a new, brutal body guard for himself: – Schutzstaffel (SS) --Hitler on propaganda: • "All propaganda must be so popular and on such an intellectual level, that even the most stupid of those toward whom it is directed will understand it... • EC: What did Hitler mean? • A lie must be so simple that it reaches the largest number of people --Hitler on propaganda: • “Through clever and constant application of propaganda, people can be made to see paradise as hell, and also the other way around, to consider the most wretched sort of life as paradise.“ • EC: What did Hitler mean? • By repeating a clever lie most people will believe it readily any way one wants them too. Standards Check, p 452 • How did the Nazi party maintain its control of Germany? • The Nazi Party maintained power by • Keeping many of Hitler’s promises • Brutally cracking down on dissent (complainers) list, 453 • Describe how losing some of its leading thinkers might have hurt Nazi Germany? • Germany would suffer from the loss of their talent and ability, especially….. – Albert Einstein = atomic bomb Propaganda “Cult of Personality” • As we have seen with Mussolini and Stalin, the same government techniques and rules guided what Germany saw and thought. • Sample speeches/scenes: Triumph des Willens – Director: Leni Riefenstahl. • Inserted: – enhanced crowd cheers and music – Staged and real close-ups of faces • She had almost a dozen camera teams to capture many angles and scenes. – Sea of Flags – Hitler Youth: – Closing ceremony The Great Dictator • Charlie Chaplin Takes on Hitler in the US. • Clip • Charlie Chaplin Makes fun of Hitler – Adenoid Hynkel, dictator of the country of Tomania (4:30 (go directly to file) fantasizing about ruling the world. Standards Check, 453 • Why did authoritarian states rise in Eastern Europe after World War I? • Many European nations became authoritarian because …. • Economic problems • Ethnic tension • Inexperience in democracy Quick Write • How was Hitler able to come to power in Germany during the 1930s?