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W.W. II
1940 - 1945
German Control 1939
The 1940 Election
 Republican
front
runners are:
–Robert Taft of
Ohio (son of the
ex-president).
–Thomas E. Dewey
of NY.
The Nomination goes to:
 Ex-Democrat
Wendell Wilkie
of Indiana.
 Liberal Wilkie
was called the
“rich-man’s
Roosevelt”
Roosevelt Shatters the
Precedent
 FDR
declares that
although he yearns
for retirement - the
crisis in Europe
requires his service.
Wilkie
agrees with FDR’s
policies and so is not a major
alternative.
FDR’s pledge to the
Mothers
Roosevelt makes a speech in
which he declares:
 “your
boys are not going to be
sent into any foreign wars.”
 He had also pledged to balance
the budget.
Roosevelt Wins Another
Landslide
 The
Electoral count
was 449 to 82
 Not as great as in
‘32 and ‘36, but
Congress still
remains Democratic.
FDR’s real opponent was
Adolf Hitler.
The Lend-Lease Law
FDR
decided to Lend and
Lease American equipment to
Britain.
He likened it to giving a
neighbor your garden hose to
put out a fire.
 Isolationist
Robert Taft
likened it to
chewing gum  you don’t want it
back.
 Congress
agrees with FDR’s
pledge to make America the
“Arsenal of Democracy.”
America makes an economic
declaration of war eventually totaling
$50 billion.
Hitler gets the message:
May
21, 1941 - a German
submarine torpedoes the Robin
Moor a US merchant ship.
Hitler breaks the MolotovRibbentrop Pact
Hitler’s
need for oil and quest
for lebensraum leads to a full
scale invasion of the USSR.
On June 22, 1941 Hitler
launches Operation Barbarossa
- the crushing of Russia.
FDR sends aid to the
Soviets.
FDR
sought to preserve Russia
to fight Germany.
We began a lend-lease program
that would eventually top $11
billion.
Hitler’s forces were
stopped at the gates
of Moscow.
The Atlantic Conference
FDR
and Winston Churchill
meet on a destroyer off
Placentia Bay, New Foundland.
They announce the eight-point
Atlantic Charter.
FDR and Churchill
The Atlantic Charter
Called
for Self-Determination,
an end to Imperialism
Disarmament and the creation
of system of general security:
(The United Nations)
FDR decides to Convoy.
The
president used his
powers as Commander-inChief to order navy ships to
convoy merchant ships as far
a Iceland.
 Hitler
orders
his ships to
strike in “selfdefense”
The Shootin’ Commences
 Sept.
1941 - The
USS Greer is fired
on - FDR orders to
“shoot on sight”
 Oct. 17, 1941 - The
Kearny lost 11 men.
The Reuben James
 Oct
30, 1941 The Reuben
James - was
sunk - 100
Americans
dead.
The Sinking Of The Reuben James
Have you heard of a ship called the good Reuben James
Manned by hard fighting men both of honor and fame?
She flew the Stars and Stripes of the land of the free
But tonight she's in her grave at the bottom of the sea.
Tell me what were their names, tell me what were their names,
Did you have a friend on the good Reuben James?
What were their names, tell me, what were their names?
Did you have a friend on the good Reuben James
Congress
votes to end the
Neutrality Acts - merchants
could arm and enter war zones.
The Bombing of Pearl
Harbor
1940
- US sets embargoes on
Japan
1941 - Japanese assets in US
are frozen - all gasoline
shipments end.
Japan
sets its sights on
Southeast Asian oil fields.
Nov - Dec 1941 -- US and
Japan negotiate a solution to
the pending crisis.
The State Department insists
that Japan quit China.
Pearl Harbor Bombed.
US
cracks Japanese secret code
and knows an attack is
imminent.
FDR believes the attack will be
on the Philippines.
December 7, 1941 - “a day
that will live in infamy” Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
Sunday
morning 7:55 a.m.
Japanese bombers attack Pearl
Harbor
19 US ships (6 battleships) and
150 planes are destroyed, 2403
US dead
Pearl Harbor
Battleship Row
Japanese
envoys are delayed
delivering message of war to
White House and come after
word has reached Washington
of the attack.
12/8
- FDR appears before
joint session of Congress,
declares December 7 "a day
that will live in infamy" Congress votes to declare war
on Japan.
WAR DECLARED
The U.S. enters the War
12/10
- Japanese forces invade
the Philippines.
12/11 - Germany and Italy
declare war on US
12/17
- Admiral Charles
Nimitz given command of
Pacific Fleet - Admiral
Husband Kimmel (commander
at Pearl Harbor) is relieved of
duty.
Sign ‘em up…………...
FDR signs Draft Act
Japanese continue
Aggression
12/23
- Wake Island falls to
Japanese
12/25 - Hong Kong falls to the
Japanese
1942
In
his State of the Union
address FDR calls for
$52,000,000 for war.
Alien
registration
begins focuses on
Japanese plans begin for
internment
Home Front
Office
of
Civil
Defense
established
Emergency
Price Control Act
goes into effect - Office of
Price Administration (OPA) to
set prices.
US
clocks set ahead 1 hour for
Daylight Savings Time - stay
throughout the war.
Japanese
relocation begins in
western states - 100,000 Nisei
lose property and forced into
camps.
War
Production Board stops all
non-essential production.
War Production
WAACS
created- Women's
Auxiliary Army Corps.
Rosie the Riveter
War
Labor Board gives cost of
living increase to steel workers
- called "Little Steel Formula"
US
opens ALCAN highway
to connect Alaska to
contiguous states.
Gasoline rationing begins -WPA closes; CCC is already
finished by war.
Fighting in the Pacific.
Battle
of the
Java Sea - allied
naval forces
virtually wiped
out.
General
MacArthur forced to
flee Philippines - vows “I shall
return!” - assumes command of
Allies in Australia.
 April
- Bataan Death March - 75,000
Filipino and Americans surrender in
the Philippines -marched 100 miles
to concentration camp - thousands
die.
Bataan Death March
April
- 16 US bombers under
Maj. General Doolittle bomb
Tokyo - survivors land in
China.
Coral Sea
May
- Battle of the Coral Sea first major carrier battle - US
inflict heavy losses on Japan
June
- Battle of
Midway - Pacific
naval battle Japanese lose naval
superiority - major
turning point.
Japanese
take Kiska and Attu
islands in the Aleutians
ISLAND HOPPING
 US
forces land
on Guadalcanal first battle in
grueling "islandhopping" plan to
reach Japanese
Islands.
US
Navy forces Japan to
abandon plans to support its
forces on Guadalcanal
Naval Battle of Guadalcanal US defeats major Japanese
fleet
European Strategy
German
U-Boats drop German
saboteurs on Atlantic coast rounded up, they are executed.
Office
of War
Information
is established
- for
propaganda
 Office
of
Strategic
Services (OSS)
is created headed by
William “Wild
Bill” Donovan
(becomes CIA
after war)
Churchill
meets FDR in
Washington
to plan
invasion of
North Africa
June
- Eisenhower becomes
commander of allied forces
July
- allied bombing of
Germany begins
A. Averell Harriman represents
US in Moscow to negotiate
coordination with Stalin
August
- US begins full-scale
bombing of German forces in
France
August - German assault of
Stalingrad begins
U-Boat
devastation reaches a
peak in September
October
- British forces under
Montgomery defeat Germany's
"Desert Fox," Marshal Irwin
Rommel at El Alamein
November - allied forces land
in Morocco and Algeria
Battle
of
Stalingrad
ends with
major German
defeat and
surrender.
1943
Home Front
Shoe
rationing begins - 3 pairs
per person per year
Point
Rationing
System begins
for food.
April
- FDR freezes wages and
prices to halt inflation
May - John L. Lewis calls for
soft coal miners strike - FDR
orders mines to be seized,
strike called off.
Office
of War Mobilization is
created to coordinate war
efforts
June - Withholding of income
for taxes begins
Arsenal of Democracy
Anti-Black
labor riots in
Detroit - put down by federal
troops
Smith-Conally
Labor Dispute
Act - require unions to give 30
day notice before strike in war
plants and outlaws strikes in
government-operated plants
Federal
Government seizes the
railroads when strikes are
threatened.
European Theater
US
forces defeated by
Rommel's Afrika Korps at
Kasserine Pass.
 General
George Patton takes
command.
German
forces in N. Africa
defeated in Tunisia- 250,000
surrender
 Uprising
in Warsaw Jewish
Ghetto ends - Jews are sent to
concentration camps - ghetto is
leveled
July
- German forces begin last
ditch offensive in Russia called the Kursk Salient - it
fails as the last initiative in the
east.
Allies
begin invasion of Sicily
- General George Patton leads
US troops.
Leaflets dropped over Italy
asking Italians to surrender
US
bombers selectively bomb
Rome - Mussolini is forced to
abdicate
Allies take Messina, Sicily
September
- Italy agrees to
surrender, German calls Italy a
traitor begins to treat it as an
enemy
Invasion of the Peninsula
begins.
Germans
forced to abandon
Salerno - battle continues by
inches up the peninsula
October - Naples is captured
by US General Mark Clark Germans destroy the city as
they retreat.
December
- Eisenhower
becomes supreme commander
of Allied Forces
Pacific Theater
 February
- Marines take
Guadalcanal - major step in the
war.
Island Hopping
March
- Battle of the Bismarck
Sea off New Guinea - US
defeats Japan - major blow
against Japan holding New
Guinea.
In
bloody fighting the US
Marines take Tarawa and
Makin Islands in the Gilberts
Hell on Tarawa
Diplomacy
Casablanca
Conference Roosevelt meets with Churchill
- calls for unconditional
surrender of Germany
US,
USSR, Britain and China
meet in Moscow to discuss
treatment of Axis Powers after
the war.
November
- Congress passes
the Conally Resolution calling
for a international peace
organization
Cairo
Conference - Roosevelt,
Churchill and Chiang Kaishek
meet - call for unconditional
surrender by Japan - Japan
must give up all gained
territories.
Teheran
Conference - FDR,
Churchill and Stalin meet agree to timing of coordinated
invasions
Congress repeals the Chinese
Exclusion Act
Teheran Conference
1944
European Theater
Eisenhower
arrives in London
to take command and begins
planning invasion of "Festung
Europa "
Allies
land at Anzio, Italy meet
stiff and bloody German
resistance - invasion bogs
down
February
- German forces in
Italy create a defensive line,
“The Gustav Line” at Monte
Cassino - hold it with full force
-allies reluctant to destroy
medieval monestary
'Big
Week" bombing raids over
Germany
March - US bombers begin
bombing raids over Berlin 10% loss of planes
May
- Monte Cassino falls
after bombing reduces it to
rubble - Gustav Line collapses.
Allied
forces break out of
Anzio beachhead begin to
move on Rome.
June
Allies
enter
Rome
June
6, 1944 - D-Day Operation Overlord begins
with invasion of Normandy 4600 ships, 10,000 planes and
176,000 troops in largest
invasion in history.
D DAY
Storming the Beach…..
Breaking
of German codes and
use of misinformation leads to
lack of German coordination in
defense.
June
10th - Allied beaches link
up and forces begin march on
Berlin.
Germany launches first V- 1
rocket on London
The Blitz Continues
Allies
capture French port of
Cherbourg, Germans destroy
port facilities
July - General Patton leads
"break out" thrust against
Germans
Plot
to assassinate Hitler by
bomb fails - military plotters
are executed - Hitler over the
edge.
Invasion of Southern France
begins
Paris
falls after German
general refuses Hitler's orders
to resist at all costs.
September - first V-2 rockets
fall on London
The Yanks are back
US
forces
enter
Germany
 December
Germany launches
a counter-offensive
in the Ardennes
Forest in Belgium,
called the "Battle
of the Bulge" after
the bulge created
when center of
allied advance
retreats.
 US
101st Airborne Division is
surrounded by German forces at
Bastogne –
 when told to surrender, US General
Anthony McAuliffe replies "Nuts!“
 Siege is relieved by Patton's 3rd Army.
Pacific Theater
US
forces take the Marshall
Islands in the Pacific.
US
forces capture Saipan
Island - bombing of Japan
begins
Battle
of Philippine Sea - Japan
defeated at heavy costs to US
naval forces
August - Island of Guam
retaken in heavy fighting
October
- MacArthur lands in
Philippines - fulfilling his
promise
Battle
of the Leyte Gulf
- Japanese risk major
naval force to halt US
invasion of Philippines suffer a major defeat Japanese reduced to
suicidal "kamikaze"
attacks on US ships.
Home Front
FDR
signs GI
Bill of Rights
Republicans
nominate Thomas
Dewey, governor of New York
for president
Democrats nominate FDR for
fourth term, running mate is
Harry Truman of Missouri
November
- FDR wins fourth
term as president campaigning has left him weak
and ill.
Diplomacy
US
refuses to recognize
government of Argentina - it
has not declared war on
Germany
US passes United Nations
Relief and Rehabilitation Act
Conference
at Bretton Woods
creates the International
Monetary Fund and the World
Bank
General
de Gaulle comes to
Washington to discuss Free
French resistance and post war
France.
Conference
at Dumbarton
Oaks - USA, GB, USSR and
China meet to discuss
formation of international
organization for peace.
Second
Quebec Conference
(Octagon Conference) - FDR
and Churchill meet to discuss
fate of Japan and Germany
after war.
1945
European Theater
1000
US planes begin bombing
of Berlin
March - US forces capture last
remaining bridge on the Rhine
at Remagen and begin full
scale invasion of Germany
US
and Russian troops begin
liberating Nazi concentration
camps - discover remains of
Nazi's "Final Solution" =
genocide of 6,000,000 Jews.
Buchenvald
 April
30 -
Hitler
commits
suicide in his
private
bunker.
May
7Germany
Surrenders VE Day is
declared.
Pacific Theater
In
the Philippines - MacArthur
lands on the island of Luzon sets out for Manila
Mac is Back
US
Marines capture the island
of Iwo Jima - raise US flag on
Mt. Suribachi - 4000 US dead.
Iwo Jima
April
1 - June 21 - Battle for
Okinawa - US marines lose
80,000 (12,000 dead) men in
capturing the island - Japanese
suicide charges and cave
retreats led to 160,000
Japanese dead.
Diplomacy

January 1945 --Yalta
Conference - FDR, Churchill
and Stalin - discuss plans for
post-war world and agree to
United Nations meeting in San
Francisco Feb 19 - Mar 16
Yalta Conference
The End of the War
April
12 - FDR dies in Warm
Springs, Georgia of a massive
cerebral hemorrhage - Truman
takes office - promise to
maintain FDR's program for
the war.
The Champ is Gone
Harry Who?
April
25 - United Nations
meets in San Francisco
 US and Soviet Troops link up
in Germany at Elbe River
Shaking Hands at the Elba
July
5 - Philippines are
recaptured
Berlin is divided among Big
Four (US, USSR, GB and
France)
July
16 - the Manhattan
Project (top secret program to
develop an A-bomb) is
successful as atomic bomb is
detonated at Alamogordo,
New Mexico. Los Alamos
research plant in NM has two
bombs.
July
17 - Truman meets with
Churchill and Stalin at
Potsdam, Germany - tries to
establish ground rules for postwar world -Truman warns
Stalin we have the bomb - Cold
War begins?
Potsdam
declaration with
China - calls for unconditional
surrender of Japan
“We think we have found the way to cause a disintegration of the
atom. An experiment in the New Mexican desert was startling - to
put it mildly. … This weapon is to be used against Japan between
now and August 10. I have told the secretary of war, Mr. Stimson,
to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the
target and not women and children. “
- Harry S Truman
July 25, 1945
August
6, 1945
- US drops
Atomic Bomb
on Hiroshima,
Japan - 180,000
dead- 70,000
missing
Hiroshima
Russia
enters war against
Japan
August 9 - A-bomb dropped on
Nagasaki
August
14 - Armistice in Asia
August 17 - US and USSR
divide Korea at 38th parallel
`
 September
2, 1945 - Japanese
surrender aboard the USS
Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
V-J DAY