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Chapter 17: The U.S. in WWII Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa Standards 11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II. .2 Explain U.S. and Allied wartime strategy, including the major battles of Midway, Normandy, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and the Battle of the Bulge. Objectives Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to: 1. Summarize the war. 2. Identify the Allies’ plans for winning events in the war in Europe. 3. Describe the liberation of Europe. The U.S. & Britain Align War Plans- U.S. & Britain join in alliance Churchill convinced FDR to go after Hitler first, then Japan Britain We still in danger of falling to Hitler needed them to stay in the war The Battle of the Atlantic Hitler ordered U-boat (submarine) attacks against supply ships to Britain Wolf packs destroyed hundreds of ships in 1942 Allies organized convoys of cargo ships with escort destroyers with sonar; planes with radar Construction of Liberty ships (cargo carriers) increased Important Reasons for Alliance FDR always considered Hitler to be the #1 threat 1. Hitler pushed for world domination Stalin, and USSR, who were now allies needed help from us. 2. We did not want to allow the USSR to fail they were keeping Hitler occupied with war The U.S. needed Britain and USSR in order to defeat Japan, and for the moment they were busy with Hitler. 3. Once Hitler is out those who we are helping would help us. The Battle of Stalingrad Hitler wanted to capture Caucasus oil fields and destroy Stalingrad Stalingrad was strategically located on the Volga R. Germany could choke out most of Russia by controlling the flow of supplies on the river (Mississippi R.) After a long struggle, the Soviets defeated the Germans in bitter winter campaign Deaths: Germans The 230,000 Soviets1,100,000 Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point The Soviet army began to move towards Germany The North African Front Stalin wanted some aid by the other allies Stalin suggested the U.S. & Britain invade to Germany’s west (France) to force Hitler to send troops there The U.S. & British decided to begin the campaign in North Africa Commanded by General Dwight Eisenhower General Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox”) led Afrika Korps (Nazis) and surrendered in May 1943 The Italian Campaign From North Africa, the Allies went northeast toward Italy Allies decided to only accept the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers Sicily captured (summer 1943) Mussolini forced to resign Hitler re-installs Mussolini as leader 1944 Allies win “Bloody Anzio” Germans continue strong resistance Heroes in Combat African Americans Tuskegee Airmen Buffalo Soldiers Highly decorated- lots of medals for heroism Mexican-Americans 17 received congressional medal of honor Japanese-Americans 442nd Regimental Combat Team Most decorated unit in U.S. history D-Day (Page 575) The first day of the Allied invasion of Europe Allies set up phantom army Sent fake radio messages to fool Germans Real attack cam 150 miles away from the fake attack Eisenhower directed Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944 Very difficult fighting Germans held the high ground but lost it 2 Fronts in Western Europe USSR North Africa Paratroopers Paratroopers WWII, Sept 1944 USSR France Italy North Africa Great Britain France Great Britain Great Britain France Normandy, France World War II Europe, 1942 Axis Powers Finland Allied Powers Neutral USSR Britain Germany Poland Occupied USSR Occupied France Vichy France Italy Turkey North Africa Syria WWII, Early 1943 Axis Powers Allied Powers Neutral North Africa WWII, 1942-1943 Axis Powers Allied Powers Neutral After the Battle of Stalingrad Germany North Africa 1944 USSR WWII, July 1943 Axis Powers Allied Powers Neutral USSR Italy North Africa Great Britain France Normandy, France WWII, Sept 1944 Axis Powers Allied Powers Neutral D-Day Invasion Germany France Italy North Africa USSR Yalta Conference Yalta Conference Harry S. Truman WWII, Sept 1944 Axis Powers Allied Powers Neutral D-Day Invasion Germany France Italy North Africa USSR The Allies Gain Ground General Omar Bradley bombed to create gap in enemy defense line General George Patton led the Third Army They reached Paris in August Taking back of Paris was a big step The tide of the war had now turned FDR was reelected for his 4th term with running mate Harry S. Truman Don’t change horses mid-race The Battle of the Bulge October 1944, Allies capture first German town, Aachen Hitler had to do something In December, German tank divisions drove 60 miles into Allied area Battle of the Bulge—Germans pushed back allies Formed The a bulge in the allied lines last German offensive A desperate attempt by Hitler to regain control of the war Too many losses to Nazis in this battle to continue Liberation of the Death Camps Allies move in on Germany Soviets from the east arrive in Poland and liberate concentration camps Soviets found: Starving prisoners Corpses Evidence Americans of killing eventually find similar conditions in other camps all over Germany Unconditional Surrender April 1945 Soviet army stormed Berlin Hitler committed suicide Shot himself Eisenhower (& allies) accepted unconditional surrender of Germany May 8, 1945, V-E Day Orders his body burned Victory in Europe Day FDR died April 12, 1945 Vice President Harry S. Truman became president Had to deal with Japan and aftermath of war WWII, 1942 Axis Powers Germany Italy Albania Greece Yugoslavia Parts of N. Africa Japan Bulgaria Hungary 1/3 of China Islands in Pacific French Indochina Thailand Great Britain Austria Czech Poland Norway Denmark Netherlands Belgium France Finland 1/3 of Russia Romania Allied Powers Egypt Canada Australia India New Zealand South Africa Fiji ¾ of USSR ¾ of China Iran United States Mexico Cuba Haiti Brazil Costa Rica Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama & Peru