Download Unit 4 - Marshall Public Schools

Chapter 28
“The Age of Anxiety”
1919-1939
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
MR. RICK PURRINGTON
MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL
I.
The Search for Peace and Political Stability
A. Uncertainty after WWI
1. G hated Treaty of V, unstable gov’t
2. Fr was damaged, fearful, and isolated
3. Br wanted to revive trade w/ G
4. U.S. was isolated from Eu
5. Eastern Eu was poor w/ unstable gov’ts
and borders
6. Ru – Communist USSR = ??
7. Economic decline in Eu due to G woes
8. 1929 – The Great Depression hits U.S. and
ripples throughout Eu
German Rhineland
II. The Treaty of Versailles
A. 1919- WWI ends, Treaty punishes G
1. “sole responsibility for the war”
2. G pay $33 billion reparations
3. G limit military
4. G not make allies
5. G lost Alsace-Lorraine to Fr
6. G not move troops into Rhineland
7. G not annex territory
B. G Gov’t = Weimar Republic, struggling democracy
1. Many political parties emerge
a) Fascist (National Socialist G Workers
Party “Nazis”)
b) Communist (“Reds”)
c) Social Democrats
Chapter 29
“Dictatorships and the Second World War”
1920-1950
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
MR. RICK PURRINGTON
MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL
I.
The Rise of Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships
A. USSR, G, Italy
1. dedicated minorities achieved victory over
less dedicated majorities
2. Totalitarian Dictatorship
- Revolt against liberalism
(limiting power of gov’t, ind rts)
- Complete control over economic,
social, intellectual, + cultural life
- Deviation from norm = criminal
- Demand sacrifice for one goal
- Could be Communist (USSR) or
Fascist (G + Italy)
3. Totalitarian Fascism in Italy + G
- valued obedience to state over individual rts
- nationalist
- Social Darwinist
- expansionist
- glorification of war
- demonized enemies
- anti-Semitic, anti-Communist
II. The Rise of Adolf Hitler
A. 1919 - WWI
1. earned iron cross for bravery
2. blames G loss on Jews and Communists
3. is humiliated by Treaty of V
B. 1921 - Joins Nazis
1. rises to leadership
2. 1923 - Beerhall Putsch – protests
Weimar Republic
3. imprisoned, martyred
4. writes Mein Kampf
5. Nazi Party grows
6. 1933 – Nazis elected to control
Reichstag
7. Hitler appointed Chancellor of G
“If we review all the causes of the German collapse, the
ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to
recognize the racial problem and especially the
Jewish menace.”
~ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1924
"Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German front
soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for Germany! What does Adolf Hitler want?
Food for every decent working German! The gallows for profiteers, exploiters,
regardless of religious faith or race! Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to speak? Because
he is ruthless in uncovering the rulers of the German economy, the international
bank Jews their lackeys, the Democrats, Marxists! Demand the lifting of the illegal
ban on his speaking!
Early Nazi Propaganda
"Come to the NSDAP
Meeting."
At the bottom, there are the following
notes:
“War injured and the
unemployed half
price, Jews not
admitted.”
Early Nazi Propaganda
"Two million dead. Did
they die in vain?
Never! Front soldiers!
Adolf Hitler is
showing you the
way!"
Early Nazi Propaganda
"Enough!
Vote
Hitler!"
Early Nazi Propaganda
“Work
and
Food"
Anti-Semitic Propaganda
"Just as it is often hard to
tell a toadstool from an
edible mushroom, so too
it is often very hard to
recognize the Jew as a
swindler and criminal..."
Anti-Semitic Propaganda
"The God of the Jews is
money. To earn money,
he commits the greatest
crimes. He will not rest
until he can sit on a huge
money sack, until he has
become the king of
money."
Anti-Semitic Propaganda
“No Jews Wanted Here.”
"The Jewish nose is bent. It looks like
the number six...“
“The Eternal Jew”
The Jew: “The inciter
of war; the
prolonger of war.”
Jews in Europe before WWII
C. Hitler gains total control
1. 1933 - Reichstag building is set on fire
“This is the beginning of the Communist revolution! We must not wait a minute. We
will show no mercy. Every Communist official must be shot, where he is found.
Every Communist deputy must this very day be strung up.”
~ Herman Goering, Commander of Nazi Airforce
a) Hitler blames the Communists
b) Hitler demands he receive emergency powers to “protect
the nation”
c) The Enabling Act: most civil liberties are suspended
“Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including
freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of
the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications; and warrants
for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are
also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed.”
2. 1935 – Nuremberg Laws
a) German citizens must be of German or
related blood
b) All others were not citizens but “subjects”
including Jews
c) Jews were seen as a threat to German purity
3. 1935 -- Aryanization Begins
Jews in Europe before WWII
German Rhineland
IV. World War II Begins
A. Breaking the Treaty of V
1. Hitler created jobs by re-building military
2. 1935 - G signs Axis alliance w/ Fascist Italy Benito
Mussolini
3. 1936 – G marches troops into the G Rhineland
B. Br and Fr Concerned
1. Hitler meets w/ Neville Chamberlain (PM of Br) to
discuss G’s breaking of Treaty of V
Neville
2. Policy of appeasement is adopted by Br and Fr
Chamberlain
C. German Aggression Continues
1. 1938 - G annexes Au and Sudetenland (in
Czech.)
2. Br & Fr are angry but . . . . continue to appease
3. 1938 - G attacks and annexes Czech.
4. 1939 - Hitler signs non-aggression pact w/USSR
5. 1939 - G attacks w/“blitzkrieg” annexes Poland
a) Poland’s 3 million Jews brutalized, sent to camps
D. 1939 - Allies (Br + Fr) declare war on Axis Powers (G,
Italy, Japan)
German Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”
V. U.S. Enters WWII
A.The War in Eu
1. 1941 - Under Axis Control:
a) most of Eu, N. Africa, much of SE Asia
B. U.S. responds to J aggression
1) U.S. ends all trade with J
2) U.S. moves naval fleet to Pearl Harbor
C. J Attacks U.S. – Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941
1. 2,388 U.S. soldiers killed
2. U.S. declares war on J
Stalingrad
VII.The Allies vs. The Axis
A. The Allies’ War Strategy
1. Stop G, win war in Eu first
B. Hitler’s Biggest Blunder
1. Sept. 1942 – Hitler attacks USSR
a) Goal: Take Stalingrad (industrial center on the
Volga River)
b) Guerilla warfare and winter hits G soldiers
c) G soldiers low on supplies, food, ammo,
warmth
d) G soldiers unable to defeat USSR
e) Meanwhile, G army is thinner in W. Eu
Stalingrad
C. Nov 1942 - “Operation Torch”
1. U.S. attacks the “soft under-belly” – N.Africa, Italy
2. 1943 - Italy surrenders,
Mussolini executed by his people
Operation Overlord: D-Day
Calais
E. June 1944 - “Operation Overlord”
1. D-Day: June 6, 1944
a) Goal: Drive G out of Fr
b) Allied attack on Normandy Fr
http://www.britannica.com/dday/art-40584
c) over 1 million Allied troops landed on
shore safely
d) August 1944 – G retreat out of Paris
Operation Overlord: D-Day
Calais
Operation Overlord: D-Day
Calais
F. Dec 1944 - Battle of the Bulge
1. G counter-attack on Allies in Bel
2. G fails – Allies advance toward G
VIII. The Holocaust
A. The Final Solution
1.
1941 – Nazi leaders met in
Wannsee, Germany
2. The Final Solution = the
Nazi answer to the “Jewish
Question.” What to do
with the Jews?
3. “These people must
disappear from the face of
the earth.”
~Heinrich Himmler, 1943 Speech to Nazi
Leaders
The Gas Chambers
1. Zyklon B -- Hydrogen
cyanide (a pesticide)
used in the gas
chambers.
• 1942 – Aushwitz used 8.2
tons of Zyklon B.
• 1943 – 13.4 tons.
• 1944 – 19.6 tons.
The Crematorium
1. Used to burn dead
bodies.
2. Located at extermination
camps
Nazi Medical Experiments
1. Prisoners were human
“guinea pigs.”
• Studied women’s wombs
following injections of
toxic chemicals.
• Cut off limbs and
reattached limbs from
other prisoners.
• Mustard-gas poisoning
tests.
B. Liberation
1. Freeing of Concentration Camps
“There is no doubt that this is the
greatest and most horrible crime
ever committed in the whole
history of the world.”
~British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, upon
witnessing camp atrocities
C. The Statistics
1.
•
•
•
•
Number of Jews Killed:
6 million total
2/3 of European Jews
1/3 of Jews in the world
98.5% of Jews in Poland
were killed – 2,950,000
IX.Allied Victory
A. V-E Day (Victory in Europe)
1. USSR attacks Berlin, G
2. U.S. attacks Nuremberg, G
3. Hitler commits suicide in Berlin bunker
4. May 7, 1945 - G Surrenders
X. War in the Pacific
A. J Refuses to Surrender
B. Allied Island Hopping
1. Island Battles at Midway,
Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa
2. J fought to the death
3. Kamikaze suicide missions
C. The Atomic Bomb
1. April 12, 1945 - FDR dies, Truman is
Pres of U.S.
2. Truman decides to “save U.S. lives”
4. Aug 6, 1945 - Hiroshima
a) 80,000 instantly dead
5. J refuses to surrender
6. Aug 9, 1945 - Nagasaki
a) 40,000 instantly dead
7. Aug 15, 1945 - J surrenders (V-J day)