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World War II (to Pearl Harbor) Chapter 34 The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament. No effective military force. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) 5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy. 5 62 nations signed. 5 Problems no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security. Took the form of a god Japan’s Manifest Destiny was to expand into China and the rest of Asia. Depression took many of Japan’s markets Emperor Hirohito dictators Japan before WWII • Japan did not have many natural resources. – Dependent on other countries for coal and iron • • 70 million citizens looking for war – Will take resources by force Japanese Attack Manchuria for its coal and iron deposits (1931) 5 League of Nations condemned the action. 5 Japan leaves the League. 5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East. 5 Remember World War I fears! Stimson Doctrine (1932) 5 US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force. 5 So, U.S. still considered Manchuria to be a part of China, not Japan 5 Japan was infuriated because the US had conquered new territories a few decades earlier. •1931 into Manchuria •1937 into China (Rape of Nanking) • 1937, U.S. refuses trade with Japan until they withdraw from China….. •1940 invades Indochina •US froze Japanese assets, refused to trade oil, gasoline and steel. •Growing hostility between Japan and U.S. The Versailles Treaty • Treaty that punished Germany for WWI – Had to admit war was their fault – Had to pay for war – Germany had much of land taken away – Most of German military taken away – Allies put an unpopular democratic government that answered to them • Caused economic and political turmoil in Germany Germany before WWII • German economy shaky. – – • Germany depended on the U.S. – • inflation, unemployment mark was worthless Dawes Plan U.S. stopped sending aid when Depression hit Problems in Europe After WWI Great Depression •Economic = people were jobless •Political = weak governments could not solve problems in their countries……….. Discrimination of Jews and fear of Communists •Social = times of unrest people look for a leader. The Rise of Adolf Hiler Born in Austria Fought in WWI and was bitter towards the Treaty of Versailles Rise of Adolf Hitler Discovers The National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI) Begins to work himself into the leadership positions of the Nazi party November 1923- The "Beer Hall Putsch” Hitler and the Nazis try to overthrow the local government of Munich, Germany. The Rise of Adolf Hitler It fails and Hitler is arrested. He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-year sentence. Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf or “My Struggle” Nazis promised to return prosperity to Germany Gaining popularity among Germans who are struggling. Gaining seats in the Reichstag. Hitler, appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933 Reichstag is burnt to the ground month later. Blamed fire on enemies of Germany (Communists) Hitler talked President of Germany to suspend the German constitution Hitler given dictatorial powers after President dies in 1934. Created a new empire, “Third Reich” •Revenge towards the Treaty of Versailles Promised to rearm Germany Promised to take back land lost from WWI Popularity continued to grow dictators FREEDOMS LOST •FREEDOM OF SPEECH NAZI’S CENSORED WHAT YOU COULD READ. •DUE PROCESS COULD BE ARRESTED WITHOUT PROBABLE CAUSE •NO TRIAL BY JURY NAZI’S PRACTICED RACISM AND PERSECUTION TOWARDS THE JEWS. •THEY WERE STRIPPED OF THEIR CIVIL RIGHTS... FREEDOMS LOST dictators •The Nazis used a political police •the Gestapo •the SS corps •Propaganda to gain total power. •Anti-Nazi leaders were arrested. •Suspended German Constitution •Fascism •Totalitarianism A Common Enemy • Hitler blames Jews and Communists for problems of Germany • Loss of WWI • German Economic Depression • Jews identified as a “race” –not a religion • Anti-Semitism • A New Education Begins • Save purity of German race. • Aryan Virtues----Nuremberg Laws nuremberg •German Propaganda against the Jews. •"The Jew: The inciter of war, the pro-longer of war." German children were taught in school that Jews were inferior. dictators Totalitarian dictators came to power during the 1920s and 1930s in Europe. Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Joseph Stalin Totalitarian dictators have total power….There are no freedoms in this type of society…..Usually racist and discriminatory towards certain groups……Often have large militaries and must expand and conquer to gain approval from their people. FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933) 5 FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the US against Japan. Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US economy during the Depression. Hitler rearming in 1934 • President of Germany died – – • Hitler received 90% of voted in election Becomes Fuhrer of Germany Hitler begins rearming – – Violated Treaty of Versailles France and Britain do nothing Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935 Germany Invades the Rhineland March 7, 1936 •Violation of Treaty of Versailles •GB and France fear war and do nothing Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939 5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations. (‘35) Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations (‘36). Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I] (‘37). Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-andcarry” basis pay when goods are picked up (‘39). Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. 5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis. 5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!--FDR disagreed! U. S. Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939 The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939 • Francisco Franco revolted against democratic government in Spain – U.S. and other European countries did nothing • Franco won and became fascist dictator – Supported by Germany and Italy – Growth in fascism caused fear in Europe (but not enough for war) Francisco Franco The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939 The National Front The Popular Front [Nationalists] [Republicans] Carlists [ultra-Catholic monarchists]. Anarcho-Syndicalists. Catholic Church. Catalans. Falange [fascist] Party. Communists. Monarchists. Marxists. Basques. Republicans. Socialists. 1937: Quarantine Speech • FDR concerned about movement of other countries • Disagreed with isolationism • Quarantine Speech: democratic countries need to ban together to quarantine aggressors • Called a warmonger! America-First Committee Charles Lindbergh Panay Incident (1937) 5 December 12, 1937. 5 Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River. 5 The river was an international waterway. 5 Japan was testing US resolve! 5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks. 5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology. 5 Results Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests. The Japanese Invasion of China, 1937 • Rape of Nanjing •Continue to expand empire. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy 5 Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions. 5 FDR The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others. 5 Policy of non- intervention and cooperation. Being a Good Neighbor • Released Cuba from Platt Amendment (except Guantanamo Bay) • Gave the Philippines their independence in 1946 • Reduced international tariffs The Austrian Anschluss, 1938 GERMAN EXPANSION •1935 to 1939, unopposed by the League of Nations. •Rhineland 1936 •Austria 1938 Munich Conference Sudetenland •Part of Germany before WWI. •Treaty of Versailles created Czechoslovakia •7,450,000 Czechs •3,200,000 Germans •2,300,000 Slovaks •720,000 Magyars •560,000 Ruthenes •100,000 Poles •Leaders met in Munich to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia.. •Hitler believed Sudetenland should be part of Germany. •Adolf Hitler--Germany •Neville Chamberlain—England • Edouard Deladier---France •Benito Mussolini--Italy Munich Conference •German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany for Germans” •All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. •Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised “a peace with honor… peace in our time.” •Chamberlain gave into Hitler (appeasement) •Hitler got the Sudetenland. Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. •FDR sent a letter to Hitler asking him to honor the Munich Conference •Later in 1939, Hitler would invade and take the rest of Czechoslovakia……. •The United States learned from the Munich Conference that you cannot trust the words of a dictator……… Munich Conference Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939 Mussolini and Hitler The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov Non-Aggression Pact • Split Poland, do not attack each other • USSR agreed to this because he did not trust France and Great Britain • Germany did this because he did not want two-front war – Also, his superiority complex meant he wouldn’t lose – Take care of GB and France then turn on USSR Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”] 1939 Neutrality Act 5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland. 5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way: The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis. FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter. 5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act: Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions. The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession. 5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.” France • Germany blitzkriegs in May, 1940 • June, 1940: Italy declared war on France and Britain • France surrendered to Germany and Italy • Vichy France: German puppet government France Surrenders June, 1940 The French Resistance The Free French The Maquis General Charles DeGaulle Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: The Tripartite Pact September, 1940 Now Britain Is All Alone! Battle of Britain • Germany bombed London every night and day for two months • RAF fought back • Churchill used radio broadcasts to boost morale • Heavy damage, but Britain would not surrender--kept war going! Battle of Britain: The “Blitz” Battle of Britain: The “Blitz” The London “Tube”: Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz The Royal Air Force USA (1940) • Congress authorizes $37 billion to mobilize • FDR authorizes first peace time draft • FDR wins third term in 1940 (449 to 82) • U.S. begins sending ships to GB in 1940 U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941 Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 3,000,000 German soldiers. USSR joins the Allies--twofront war The Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August 1941. Solidifies alliance. Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points. Calls for League of Nations type organization. 26 nations will sign the charter U.S. No Longer Neutral • U.S. merchant ship attacked by Germany in 1941 • Oct. 1941: FDR issues “shoot on sight” order in Atlantic • Nov. 1941: Congress repeals Neutrality Act of 1939 Problems with Japan • Oct. 1941: Hideki Tojo becomes premier of Japan • Demands U.S. unfreeze Japanese assets • U.S. no longer trading fuel or metal to Japan • Japan would need to attack oil-rich S.E. Asia • Needed to drive U.S. out of Pacific • Japan remembers U.S. reaction after Panay incident • U.S. knew Japan would attack somewhere Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy! USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War