Download World War II (to Pearl Harbor)

World War II (to Pearl Harbor)
Chapter 34
The Ineffectiveness of the
League of Nations
 No control of major conflicts.
 No progress in disarmament.
 No effective military force.
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as
tools of foreign policy.
5 62 nations signed.
5 Problems  no means of actual enforcement and gave
Americans a false sense of security.
Took the form of a god
Japan’s Manifest
Destiny was to expand
into China and the rest
of Asia.
Depression took many
of Japan’s markets
Emperor Hirohito
dictators
Japan before WWII
•
Japan did not have
many natural
resources.
– Dependent on other
countries for coal
and iron
•
•
70 million citizens
looking for war
– Will take resources
by force
Japanese Attack Manchuria for its coal
and iron deposits (1931)
5 League of Nations condemned the
action.
5 Japan leaves the League.
5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far
East.
5 Remember World War I fears!
Stimson Doctrine
(1932)
5 US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions
that were achieved by force.
5 So, U.S. still considered Manchuria to be a part of
China, not Japan
5 Japan was infuriated because the US had
conquered new
territories a few
decades earlier.
•1931 into
Manchuria
•1937 into China
(Rape of
Nanking)
• 1937, U.S.
refuses trade
with Japan until
they withdraw
from China…..
•1940 invades
Indochina
•US froze
Japanese
assets, refused
to trade oil,
gasoline and
steel.
•Growing
hostility
between Japan
and U.S.
The Versailles Treaty
• Treaty that punished
Germany for WWI
– Had to admit war was their
fault
– Had to pay for war
– Germany had much of land
taken away
– Most of German military
taken away
– Allies put an unpopular
democratic government that
answered to them
•
Caused economic and
political turmoil in Germany
Germany before WWII
•
German economy shaky.
–
–
•
Germany depended on the
U.S.
–
•
inflation, unemployment
mark was worthless
Dawes Plan
U.S. stopped sending aid
when Depression hit
Problems in Europe After
WWI
Great Depression
•Economic = people were jobless
•Political = weak governments
could not solve problems in their
countries……….. Discrimination of
Jews and fear of Communists
•Social = times of unrest people
look for a leader.
The Rise of Adolf Hiler
Born in Austria
Fought in WWI and was bitter towards
the Treaty of Versailles
Rise of Adolf Hitler



Discovers The National
Socialist German
Workers Party (NAZI)
Begins to work himself
into the leadership
positions of the Nazi
party
November 1923- The
"Beer Hall Putsch”

Hitler and the Nazis try to
overthrow the local
government of Munich,
Germany.
The Rise of Adolf Hitler
It fails and Hitler is arrested.
He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-year
sentence.
Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf or “My Struggle”
Nazis promised to return prosperity to Germany
Gaining popularity among Germans who are struggling.
Gaining seats in the Reichstag.
Hitler, appointed chancellor of
Germany in 1933
Reichstag is burnt to the
ground month later.
Blamed fire on enemies of
Germany (Communists)
Hitler talked President of
Germany to suspend the
German constitution
Hitler given dictatorial powers
after President dies in 1934.
Created a new empire, “Third Reich”
•Revenge towards the Treaty of Versailles
Promised to rearm Germany
Promised to take back land lost from WWI
Popularity continued to grow
dictators
FREEDOMS LOST
•FREEDOM OF SPEECH
NAZI’S CENSORED
WHAT YOU COULD READ.
•DUE PROCESS
COULD BE ARRESTED
WITHOUT PROBABLE
CAUSE
•NO TRIAL BY JURY
NAZI’S PRACTICED
RACISM AND
PERSECUTION TOWARDS
THE JEWS.
•THEY WERE STRIPPED OF
THEIR CIVIL RIGHTS...
FREEDOMS
LOST
dictators
•The Nazis used a
political police
•the Gestapo
•the SS corps
•Propaganda to
gain total power.
•Anti-Nazi leaders
were arrested.
•Suspended German Constitution
•Fascism
•Totalitarianism
A Common Enemy
• Hitler blames Jews and Communists
for problems of Germany
• Loss of WWI
• German Economic Depression
• Jews identified as a “race” –not a
religion
• Anti-Semitism
• A New Education Begins
• Save purity of German race.
• Aryan Virtues----Nuremberg Laws
nuremberg
•German
Propaganda
against the Jews.
•"The Jew: The
inciter of war, the
pro-longer of
war."
German children were taught in school that
Jews were inferior.
dictators
Totalitarian
dictators came to
power during the
1920s and 1930s
in Europe.
Adolf Hitler
Benito Mussolini
Joseph Stalin
Totalitarian dictators have total power….There are no freedoms
in this type of society…..Usually racist and discriminatory towards
certain groups……Often have large militaries and must expand and
conquer to gain approval from their people.
FDR Recognizes the Soviet
Union
(late 1933)
5 FDR felt that
recognizing Moscow
might bolster the
US against Japan.
Maybe trade with
the USSR would
help the US
economy during the
Depression.
Hitler rearming in 1934
•
President of Germany
died
–
–
•
Hitler received 90% of
voted in election
Becomes Fuhrer of
Germany
Hitler begins rearming
–
–
Violated Treaty of
Versailles
France and Britain do
nothing
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Germany Invades the
Rhineland
March 7, 1936
•Violation of Treaty of
Versailles
•GB and France fear war
and do nothing
Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936,
1937, 1939
5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war,
certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:
 Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations. (‘35)
 Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations (‘36).
 Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war
[in contrast to WW I] (‘37).
 Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-andcarry” basis  pay when goods are picked up (‘39).
 Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis.
5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!--FDR
disagreed!
U. S. Neutrality Acts:
1935, 1936, 1937, 1939
The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
• Francisco Franco revolted
against democratic
government in Spain
– U.S. and other European
countries did nothing
• Franco won and became
fascist dictator
– Supported by Germany and
Italy
– Growth in fascism caused
fear in Europe (but not
enough for war)
Francisco Franco
The Spanish Civil War:
1936 - 1939
The
National
Front
The
Popular
Front
[Nationalists]
[Republicans]
 Carlists [ultra-Catholic
monarchists].
 Anarcho-Syndicalists.
 Catholic Church.
 Catalans.
 Falange [fascist] Party.
 Communists.
 Monarchists.
 Marxists.
 Basques.
 Republicans.
 Socialists.
1937: Quarantine Speech
• FDR concerned about movement of
other countries
• Disagreed with isolationism
• Quarantine Speech: democratic
countries need to ban together to
quarantine aggressors
• Called a warmonger!
America-First Committee
Charles Lindbergh
Panay Incident (1937)
5 December 12, 1937.
5 Japan bombed USS
Panay gunboat & three
Standard Oil tankers on
the Yangtze River.
5 The river was an
international waterway.
5 Japan was testing US resolve!
5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further
attacks.
5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.
5 Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for
further aggression against US interests.
The Japanese Invasion
of China, 1937
• Rape of Nanjing
•Continue to expand empire.
FDR’s “Good Neighbor”
Policy
5 Important to have all
nations in the Western
Hemisphere united in
lieu of foreign
aggressions.
5 FDR  The good
neighbor respects
himself and the rights
of others.
5 Policy of non-
intervention and
cooperation.
Being a Good Neighbor
• Released Cuba from Platt Amendment
(except Guantanamo Bay)
• Gave the Philippines their
independence in 1946
• Reduced international tariffs
The Austrian Anschluss, 1938
GERMAN
EXPANSION
•1935 to 1939,
unopposed by
the League of
Nations.
•Rhineland
1936
•Austria
1938
Munich
Conference
Sudetenland
•Part of Germany
before WWI.
•Treaty of
Versailles created
Czechoslovakia
•7,450,000 Czechs
•3,200,000 Germans
•2,300,000 Slovaks
•720,000 Magyars
•560,000 Ruthenes
•100,000 Poles
•Leaders met in Munich to decide the fate of
Czechoslovakia..
•Hitler believed Sudetenland should be part
of Germany.
•Adolf Hitler--Germany
•Neville Chamberlain—England
• Edouard Deladier---France
•Benito Mussolini--Italy
Munich Conference
•German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany
for Germans”
•All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost.
•Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied
Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised “a peace with
honor… peace in our time.”
•Chamberlain gave into Hitler (appeasement)
•Hitler got the Sudetenland.
Appeasement: The Munich
Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr
Hitler is a man we can do business with.
•FDR sent a letter to Hitler asking
him to honor the Munich
Conference
•Later in 1939, Hitler would invade
and take the rest of
Czechoslovakia…….
•The United States learned from
the Munich Conference that you
cannot trust the words of a
dictator………
Munich Conference
Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939
Mussolini and Hitler
The Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers
von Ribbentrop & Molotov
Non-Aggression Pact
• Split Poland, do not attack each other
• USSR agreed to this because he did not trust
France and Great Britain
• Germany did this because he did not want
two-front war
– Also, his superiority complex meant he wouldn’t
lose
– Take care of GB and France then turn on USSR
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
1939 Neutrality Act
5
In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.
5
FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid
European democracies in a limited way:
 The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on
a “cash-and-carry” basis.
 FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US
ships and citizens could not enter.
5
Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:
 Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.
 The US economy improved as European demands for war
goods helped bring the country out of the
1937-38 recession.
5
America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”
France
• Germany blitzkriegs in
May, 1940
• June, 1940: Italy
declared war on France
and Britain
• France surrendered to
Germany and Italy
• Vichy France: German
puppet government
France Surrenders
June, 1940
The French Resistance
The Free French
The Maquis
General Charles
DeGaulle
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:
The Tripartite Pact
September, 1940
Now Britain Is All Alone!
Battle of Britain
• Germany bombed
London every night and
day for two months
• RAF fought back
• Churchill used radio
broadcasts to boost
morale
• Heavy damage, but
Britain would not
surrender--kept war
going!
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
The London “Tube”:
Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz
The Royal Air Force
USA (1940)
• Congress authorizes
$37 billion to
mobilize
• FDR authorizes first
peace time draft
• FDR wins third term
in 1940 (449 to 82)
• U.S. begins sending
ships to GB in 1940
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,
1941
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union...........................$11 billion
France......................................$ 3 billion
China.......................................$1.5 billion
Other European.................$500 million
South America...................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Operation Barbarossa:
Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
Operation Barbarossa:
June 22, 1941
 3,000,000 German soldiers.
 USSR joins the Allies--twofront war
The Atlantic Charter
 Roosevelt and Churchill
sign treaty of
friendship in August
1941.
 Solidifies alliance.
 Fashioned after
Wilson’s 14 Points.
 Calls for League of
Nations type
organization.
 26 nations will sign the
charter
U.S. No Longer Neutral
• U.S. merchant ship attacked by
Germany in 1941
• Oct. 1941: FDR issues “shoot on sight”
order in Atlantic
• Nov. 1941: Congress repeals Neutrality
Act of 1939
Problems with Japan
• Oct. 1941: Hideki Tojo becomes premier of
Japan
• Demands U.S. unfreeze Japanese assets
• U.S. no longer trading fuel or metal to Japan
• Japan would need to attack oil-rich S.E. Asia
• Needed to drive U.S. out of Pacific
• Japan remembers U.S. reaction after Panay
incident
• U.S. knew Japan would attack somewhere
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit
of a Japanese Pilot
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
President Roosevelt Signs the
US Declaration of War