Download Student ppt Chapter 27

The Global Crisis
Roosevelt becomes president in 1933: supporter of League of Nations but
also worked to ensure that America was “master of her own fate”
In the end, the cautious, limited American internationalism of the interwar
years proved insufficient to protect the interests of the United States, to
create global stability, or to keep the nation from becoming involved in the
greatest war in human history.
I. The Diplomacy of the New Era
Replacing the League
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League of Nations not a possibility with Harding
Charles Hughes signs individual treaties with
Central Powers negotiating war terms… believed
this would be enough to resolve war terms
Washington Conference 1921: attempt to prevent
increasing war developments between America,
Britain and Japan
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Washington Conference 1921
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 concluded New Era
peace negotiations
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Debts and Diplomacy
Hughes: foremost importance of
diplomacy was to ensure American
trade faced no obstacles for
expansion
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“They hired the money, didn’t they?”
Calvin Coolidge… refusing to
forgive loan payments
Dangerous Triangle: Germany
borrowing to pay Euro Allies, to pay
debts owed to America, who’s
loaning money to Germany…
Calvin Coolidge
Debts and Diplomacy Continued
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Charles Dawes
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Charles Dawes
Policies would be partially
responsible (totally?) for the Great
Depression
Latin America
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Hoover and the World Crisis
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world financial crisis that began in 1929 intensified in 1931…
not only caused economic distress, but was producing
dangerous nationalism that threatened the weak international
agreements established during the previous decade
Depression toppled existing political leaders and replaced
them with belligerent governments bent on expansion as a
solution to their economic problems
Hoover lacked sufficient tools for dealing with it
Latin America
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Hoover and the World Crisis
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Europe
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Hoover refused to cancel war debts amid a
growing crisis
Extended limits of naval constructions set
forth at Washington Conference in 1921
World Disarmament Conference: Hoover
urged reductions in armaments, France calls
for an international army to stop Germany…
conference ends in failure
Rising fascism: Italy, Germany and Japan
(Asia)
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Hoover on the way out / Roosevelt on the
way in… what to do?
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Hoover
II. Isolationism and Internationalism
Depression Diplomacy
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New Deal continued to base its foreign policy
almost entirely on the nation’s immediate economic
needs
Roosevelt’s breaks from Hoover
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London Economic Conference: decided to work with
Europe in regards to war debts and the gold standard…
but tensions rise and not clear settlement is reached until
1936
April 1934 he signed a bill to forbid American Banks from
making loans to any nation in default on its debts
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America and the Soviet Union
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Agreement between Russia
and United States
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Tension and mistrust still high
in 1934
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Soviet propaganda
The Good Neighbor Policy
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Latin America most important target of trade exchange and
recovery
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Where Hoover abandoned American practice of using military
force to compel Latin American gov’ts to repay debts, respect
foreign investments… Roosevelt went further
Montevideo Inter-American Conference 1933
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Replaced military force with economic influence
American businesses continued to dominate Latin American
economies
The Rise of Isolationism Continued
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world realized at the end of Hoover
administration that hopes for peace
through disarmament would not be
an option
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Faced with the choice of stabilizing
the world with action or isolate…
most Americans chose the latter
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Roosevelt asked Congress to ratify a
treaty to make the United States part
of the World Court in 1935
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big blow to the president… would not
attempt to challenge the isolationist
tide
*Fake Smile*
The Rise of Isolationism Continued
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Neutrality Acts 1935 and 1936
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Roosevelt recognizes the danger of isolationism, but also understands
public opinion is strongly isolationist
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Panay bombed and sunk by Japanese in China… Roosevelt accepts
apology
The Failure of Munich
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Hitler moves revived German army into the Rhineland in 1936
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Austria March 1938
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Sudetenland Sept. 1938
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Sept 29 Hitler meets with leaders from France and England and agree to give
Hitler parts of Czechoslovakia if he promises to go no further… “This is the last
territorial claim I have to make in Europe.”
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March of 1939 Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia in blatant violation of Munich
April 1939 Hitler began threatening Poland
August 1939: Non-Aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin (not invited to
Munich conference)
September 1, 1939 Hitler launches fullscale invasion of Poland… England and
France declare war on Germany
“War of the Worlds” Orson Wells
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country goes nuts
representative of the time
representative of the power of the media over the
people
III. From Neutrality to Intervention
A. Neutrality Tested
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Never a question that US would support France and
Britain, the question was to what extent
September 1939 Roosevelt asks for revision of
Neutrality Acts
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Europe silent after Poland… thoughts of a “phony
war”
Russia takes over territories: Latvia, Estonia and
Lithuania… and then Finland…America outraged
but does nothing
Neutrality Tested Continued
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Germany launches huge string of attacks in Spring of 1940…
Allied efforts powerless to German blitzkrieg
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May 15 W.Churchill gives FDR a list of needed supplies
May 16 1940 FDR asks Congress for an additional $1 billion
for defense
Shift in public opinion in US after France falls to Germany
Fight for Freedom Committee vs. America First Committee
The Third-Term Campaign
Roosevelt
defeats
Willkie (55%
to 45%)
Willkie
Roosevelt
Neutrality Abandoned
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In December of 1940 GB was bankrupt
Lend Lease Act
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How to get the supplies there?
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Germany did little to challenge hostile American
actions
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Neutrality Abandoned Again
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Nazi forces begin a campaign against
US vessels
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Atlantic Charter
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German U-boat
FDR new the USA public would only
support a war declaration in the case of
an attack
The Road to Pearl Harbor
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Sept. of 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy
Roosevelt had already displayed his animosity toward Japanese
policies by harshly denouncing their continuing assault on China and
terminating a commercial treaty with Tokyo
July 1941 Japanese take Vietnam (French colony)
FDR freezes all Japanese assets in the United States
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Tokyo willing to compromise at first, but US fears Japan’s prince will
not be powerful enough to honor treaty… negotiations fail
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October of 1941: Prince Konoye replaced by General Hideki Tojo
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The Road to Pearl Harbor Continued
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American intelligence had already decoded
Japanese messages which had made clear
that war was imminent… they new that after
Nov. 29 an attack would only be a matter of
days
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December 7, 1941
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USA not prepared
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Losses
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The Road to Pearl Harbor
Continued Again
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Unified the American
people in a fervent
commitment to war
instantly
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Dec.8 War is
declared on Japan
Dec. 11 Germany,
Italy and Japan all
declared war on the
United States…
Congress
reciprocated without a
single dissenting vote