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The Allies “Turn the Tide” p. 475 Allies Need Hope • The Axis were so successful by early 1942, that morale was very low in the Allied nations. • The British, Soviets, and Americans needed some victories. Rosie the Riveter: • US nickname for women workers doing hard, technical work men had once done. Two famous images came out of this: • US Government poster • Norman Rockwell, Saturday Evening Post cover. Women at the Home Front • Women once again were employed in the millions to replace men who had gone into the military. • Women also served in the Armed Forces: (5) – – – – – RADAR centers Communications Clerical Drivers Delivering planes Aircraft carriers: • Warships used as floating airfields, and send large groups of warplanes anywhere in the world. • Japan took most of the Western Pacific with them. – Lost more carriers than they could replace • US mass-produced dozens of large ones and almost a hundred small ones Dwight Eisenhower: • US commander of the US North African invasion. – American forces attack Morocco and Algeria, to create a second front to destroy the Axis forces. • He and his generals overrun the Axis forces and meet the British in Tunisia. • The Germans and Italians are out of Africa. • Troops and media called him “Ike” “Summit” meetings • Became very important to develop trust to maintain the alliance and plans to carry out against the Axis. • EC: Jan., 1943: Roosevelt and Churchill met in Casablanca, Morocco to (4) • decide how to invade Italy. • Supply the Soviet Union • decide that the Axis must unconditionally surrender. • They put off a second front in France. Summits • Nov., 1943: all three meet in • Tehran, Iran. • What was decided? (2) • Churchill and FDR agree to allow Russia much land in Eastern Europe. • They again put off a second front in France, angering Stalin. Tough Old Gut • EC: Next Allied goal was what Churchill called the “soft underbelly” of Axis Europe: ___ • —Italy. • Churchill thought it would be easy. • EC: July, 1943: Anglo-American forces invade ___ • Sicily. – They met tough German resistance. – They took the island, but most of the Germans escaped with some Italian forces. • From Sicily, the Allies invaded southern Italy. – Progress was stopped by the mountainous terrain there. The Gothic Line • Hitler ordered German troops to take control of ____ • Northern Italy • stopped the Allies. – Northern Italy will not fall until the end of the war. • Hitler had to further divide his dwindling forces. – Hitler ordered all Jews removed from this part of Italy. Soviet Union: • Germany devastated the Soviet military in the early war • Germany failed to capture the harbor/factory city of ____ • Leningrad, – They surrounded it, – hundreds starved to death daily, – the people there resisted for 900 days. Soviets revived! • EC: The Soviet victory at ____ also bolstered Stalin and the Soviet people. • Moscow • Two Russian winters had demoralized the German armies. • A steady supply of materials and food came from ____ • the United States Stalingrad: • New city built by Stalin. • Controlled access to the Volga River and north-south Russian supply routes. – Hitler also wanted it because it was named after Stalin. • Half a million Germans attack in Sept. 1942 – They have Romanian, Italian, and Hungarian allies on their flanks (side). • Stalin sent (and lost) millions to defend it. • Winter stalled the Germans Britain and the US decided to start the “second front” Stalin kept demanding. • D-Day: • June 6, 1944. The Allied invasion of Normandy, France. • Code name: Operation Overlord • First, • the Allies, concentrated their air forces on northern French and German, – railroads, – defenses, – harbors. Allied Air Power: • Heavy and medium bombers carried out raids night and day as long as weather permitted for three years. • The Allied goal (2) – was to destroy Axis industry and civilian morale. • Concentrated attacks ruined entire cities like the German harbor city, Hamburg • Hundreds of thousands would die in Germany and Japan. • The Allies used TNT and incendiary (fire) bombs. Air War • B-24 production line. • B-17s over Europe • B-29s over Japan Allied panic becomes victory • EC: The Allies managed to stop his attack (2) – General Patton’s armor arrived from behind the Germans – the weather improved to allow Allied air attacks and air resupply. • Britain and America reorganized their forces and prepared to attack western Germany. Yalta Conference: • February, 1945. • Big Three meet in southern Russia, to decide how to end the war and what should happen after Germany is defeated. EC: At Yalta, they agree: (4) • Stalin will attack Japan’s forces in China and Korea. – Stalin may keep some of the territory it takes from Japan. • Germany will be divided into four zones, – run by the US, UK, USSR, and France. • Stalin may initially keep Eastern Europe to protect USSR from future invasion. – Stalin agrees to discuss British-American demands for free elections in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe. • Allies believe he agrees to allow the elections • There will be a peace-keeping organization as the war ends. – The United Nations Seeking Victory • Once again, it was necessary for the democracies to control their economies to turn production to win the war. (6) – Factories converted from consumer goods to military goods production. – Rationing of materials needed for the war effort – Raising billions through issuing war bonds – Prices controlled – Wages regulated – Propaganda Finding the “Fifth Column” • EC: Citizens and immigrants from enemy countries were watched and investigated, – FBI watched German and Italian suspects – Japanese-Americans in the Western United States were put in prison camps, • losing their property. – German-British were likewise harassed by UK security. – Many were innocent, and apologies and reparation came too late. Standards Check, p. 476: • How did the Allies mobilize all of their resources for the war effort? • Converted factories from consumer to wartime production • Rationed goods • Regulated prices and wages • Recruited all members of society June, 1942. • EC: The United States used surprise and coded-trickery to destroy Japan’s large carrier and invasion fleet, heading for ____ • Midway Island. Image, p 476 • How do you think aircraft carriers changed naval warfare? • Naval warfare became less predictable • Fleets could never see each other. Nov. 1942, • EC: British forces, defeat the Italian and German forces at ___ • El Alamein – drive them out of Egypt and back into Libya. • General Montgomery, equipped with British and American supplies and armaments. – Used many colonial troops, • Burma • Australia/New Zealand • South Africa Thinking Critically, p. 477 • 1 Explain why radar made such a difference during the Battle of Britain. • Because it allowed the British to know when German planes were coming and going. • 2 How did Hitler use technology in his blitzkrieg tactics? • Improved aircraft and tanks helped Hitler to overwhelm his opponents – His opponents would learn how to do this as well. “Tough old gut” • Next, the Allies invaded and captured most of southern Italy. – Italian partisans rose up and ____ was overthrown. – Mussolini • He escaped and was rescued by German special forces. Southern Italy surrendered. • Mussolini returned to northern Italy and was captured by partisans. • He was tried, executed, and hung up for Italians to jeer at. • Hitler noted this and vowed never to be taken prisoner. Catastrophic German Defeat! • EC: In Southern Russia, 1943, Soviets crushed the Romanians, Italians, and Hungarians and surrounded the Germans at ____ • EC: Stalingrad – The Germans were slowly reduced by (2) • Soviet attacks • freezing temperatures – They finally surrendered in Feb., 1943. • This was the end of German offensive forces in the south. – 600,000 German troops were lost. Kursk: • in July, 1943, Hitler sent his new tanks in a massive attack to finish Russia’s capital, ____ • Moscow. • The Soviets had amassed a large anti-tank force to stop the Germans. – They also had a large tank force behind it. • The Germans were brave, but overwhelmed. Standards Check, p 478 • How did the Allies push back the Axis powers on four fronts? • Midway blocked Japan in the Pacific • El Alamein ended German control of North Africa • Italy was the first attack on Axis Europe • Stalingrad destroyed a large German army D-Day • June, 1944 • The invasion of ______ at _______ (2) – France – Normandy • Allied paratroops landed behind the German defenses, • They were to be met by the beach invasion forces and – They would prevent German reinforcement of the beaches. • 156,000 troops assaulted the Normandy beaches with massive naval and air support • They controlled the beaches when the day ended. Psychological/Electronic Warfare • False radio messages and dummy armies – Convinced Hitler that an attack would happen at Calais, not Normandy. • He committed all his tanks there and refused to let them go to Normandy. • Allies used puppets at D-day in fake air drops. France Falls to the Allies • Hitler believed the attack was a feint – He did not release his tanks until it was too late. • By late summer, the Allies were capturing western France, – its harbors, – Paris. • Free French forces were given the honor to enter the city first. • German troops resisted, but FFI and partisans finished them. • The hunt started for collaborators. Map Skills, p. 479 • 2 Describe the extent of axis control in 1942. • Axis controlled all of Europe except for the neutral nations; Western Russia and North Africa – Only Britain resisted • 3 How did geography both help and hinder allied advances? • Helped – Could attack Germany from all sides • Hindered: – Moving supplies great distances Biography, p. 480 • Churchill: How did Churchill inspire the British people? • Courageous, defiant • Roosevelt: How did Roosevelt influence World War II before Pearl Harbor? • Supplies and advice to Britain and Soviet Union against Axis. • Stalin: Why would Churchill and Roosevelt have distrusted Stalin? • Ruthless use of violence and deception; allied with Hitler in 1939. Standards Check, p. 481 • What agreements did Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin come to at Yalta? • Stalin would declare war on Japan • Stalin agreed to hold free elections in Eastern Europe after the war • All agreed to divide Germany into four occupation zones. Critical Thinking, p. 482-3 • 1 Which of the Allies suffered the greatest loses on DDay? • The United States • 2 Why do you think D-Day landings were made on beaches instead of at established harbors? • Too many ships for harbors to handle • 3 What do you think was the greatest obstacle the Allies had to overcome on D-Day? Explain • Sea and land mines • Cliffs topped with barbed wire and machine gun posts • Getting so many supplies and troops on dangerous, narrow beaches Quick Write • Was internment of Japanese-American citizens justified? Explain your answer. Women Help the War Effort • Write a letter from the POV of a woman that has just entered the work force to a male relative. Explain what job you have taken, the work involved, and why you wanted to work