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World War II World War I “The War to end all Wars” What happened? The Treat of Versailles • The official Treaty that ended WW I • Germans felt unjustly punished for war • Russia was unhappy about losing Poland, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia Versailles Treaty….. • Did nothing to help war torn nations rebuild • New Democracies expected to pay off war debt • These Democracies soon collapsed • Russia fell into a revolution and Communist state was established The Treaty of Versailles Versailles…. • Soviet leader Lenin died-1924 • Joseph Stalin rises to power • Stalin in Russian translates to “Man of Steel” • By 1939 Russia had become the worlds 3rd largest industrial power behind Germany and the U.S.A. Mussolini and Fascism • “Italy wants peace, work, and calm. I will give these things with love if possible, with force if necessary.” -Benito Mussolini Mussolini's Blood and Brain Reportedly on Sale on eBay Monday, November 23, 2009 Fascism • Fascism-New political movement that consisted of a strong, centralized government headed by a powerful dictator. Fascism • Unlike Stalin’s Communism; Mussolini’s fascist state did not control farms or factories • 1935-Fascism takes control of Italy • Mussolini calls himself, Il Duce or “The Chief” • Italy was now a Totalitarian State Joseph Stalin The Nazi’s take over Germany • Hitler was a jobless soldier following WW I • 1919 Hitler joins a struggling group called, “ The National Socialist German Workers’ Party” • Hitler becomes the party leader-or Fuhrer Hitler/Nazism • • 1. 2. 3. Hitler lays out basic belief system in book; Mein Kamph (My Struggle) Three elements: Extreme Nationalism A Superior Race “Aryans” National Expansion 3-Faces of Totalitarianism Nazism Communism Fascism Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Communist Soviet Union Extreme Nationalism Extreme nationalism and racism Worldwide spread of communism Militaristic expansionism Militaristic expansionism Revolution by workers Private property with strong government controls Private property with strong government controls Eventual rule by working class Anti-Communist Strong Leader State ownership of property Anti-Communist Militarists Gain Control in Japan • 1931 Japan launches surprise attack on Manchuria • A resource rich area the size of Alaska League of Nations • The League of Nations was established after WW I to prevent just such invasions • So, Japan quit the League Manchuria Aggression in Europe • The Leagues failure to take action emboldened Hitler • 1933-Hitler follows Japans lead and pulls out of the League of Nations League of Nations-League of Failure and Inaction • 1933 Hitler begins military build-up- a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles • One year later Hitler sends troops into the Rhineland Aggression in Europe • Hitler signs the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact • This forms an alliance with Italy • The League of Nations does nothing League of Nations-League of Failure and Inaction • 1933 Mussolini begins build-up of Empire • Ethiopia is targeted • 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia…the League scolds Italy; but no actual action is taken • 1936 Ethiopia falls The United States Responds Cautiously • 1938- The U.S. and 61 other nations sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact • A Congressional pledge to “never make war again” Clinging to Isolationism • “Merchants of Death” –people who profit from war • Girl Scouts change uniforms from khaki- to green-in order to appear “less militaristic” in protest of war Vocabulary • Fascism: A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator. • This term, first used by Mussolini in 1919, comes from the Latin word fasces, a bundle of sticks bound to an ax, an object which symbolized unity and authority. Vocabulary • IL Duce: Italian for “the leader” or “chief” • Fuhrer: German for “leader” or “guide” • Nazism: A political movement based on extreme nationalism and racism. The term Nazi is a shortened form of the German word Nationalsozialist Adolf and Benito Aggression in Europe • League of Nations fails • 1935 Hitler begins military build-up in violation of the Treaty of Versailles • Rome/Berlin Pact is signed (Italy and Germany are now allies) The United States Responds • United States citizens were firmly against getting involved • 1938-Kellog-Briand Pact signedStating the U.S. and 61 other nations would never make war again. United States clings to Isolationism • Merchants of Death-bankers and manufactures who gained great wealth as result of United States entry in WW I • 70% of Americans believed U.S. should not have entered WW I Isolationism • FDR takes office in 1933 • Officially recognizes Soviet Union “formerly known as Russia” Isolationism • 1935 Congress passesNeutrality Acts- 1st two acts outlawed arms sales to nations at war • 3rd Act- extended first two acts to include nations under civil unrest Neutrality Breaks Down • (1936-1939) Spanish Civil War • U.S. sends money, volunteers and supplies to Spain Spanish Civil War Guernica: by Pablo Picasso Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall • Hitler declares need for Lebensraum: German for “living room” or “space for growing population” Union with Austria • 1938 German troops march into Austria and announce its “Anschluss” or union with Austria Bargaining for the Sudetenland • Hitler turns toward Czechoslovakia • Sudetenland: an Austro-Hungarian Empire broken up at the end of WW I • 1938 France and Great Britain sign the Munich Pact This gives Hitler his “Sudetenland” The German Offensive Begins • 1939 Germany targets Poland • 1939 Germany and Russia sign a “non-aggression” pact • Also, a secret pact was signed agreeing to divide Poland Blitzkrieg in Poland: Start of the War • Blitzkrieg-lightning war • Massive multi-efforted strike • Britain and France declare war September 3rd 1939 The Phony War • The Maginot Line opposite the Siegfried Line • Idle war was called “Sitzkrieg” • Late 1939 Stalin invades Finland as well as all other territories lost during WW I including: Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania The Maginot Line The Phony War • April, 1940 Hitler launches surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway • By May of the same year Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg all fell France and Britain Fight On • France and Britain build the Maginot Line • Hitler goes around it, through the Ardennes forest The Fall of France • Allied forces are cut off and flee from Dunkirk • There they are ferried across the English Channel to safety The Fall of France • June 17th 1940 • Italy invades France • With Italy marching in from the south and Germany from the north; France surrenders • French General Charles de Gaulle flees to England Charles De Gaulle The Battle of Britain • Luftwaffe-German Air Force • Every night for two months Germany pounds London from the air The Holocaust • Hitler’s S.S. or Schutzstaffel or Security Squadron • 1933 “Non-Aryans” are removed from jobs • A campaign for racial purity began • Holocaust: a systematic, ordered genocide of Jews, Gypsies and other nonAryan peoples Why the Jews? • Anti-Semitism-or hatred of Jews • Nuremberg Laws enacted; stripped Jews of civil rights and property if they tried to leave Why the Jews? • November 1938 began the “Kristallnacht” or “crystal night” • Nazi storm troopers attack Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues • 20,000 Jews were “arrested” and transported to concentration camps The Plight of Jewish Refugees • Jews try to flee Germany but many countries are unable or unwilling to allow tens of thousands of homeless/jobless people into their countries…including the U.S. • These countries also fear a backlash against Jews (Anti-Semitism) The Condemned • Gypsies-who were inferior • Freemasons- Accused of supporting the “Jewish Conspiracy” to rule the world • Jehovah’s Witnesses -who refused to join the army or salute Hitler The Condemned • • • • • Also targeted were: Homosexuals The mentally infirmed The insane The disabled And the incurably ill The Condemned • Later- the Poles, Ukrainians and Russians were added to the list of Untermenschen or Sub-humans • Whole towns were emptied and resettled with Germans seeking Lebensraum The Tripartite Act • Japan, Germany and Italy sign a pact- or a mutual defense treaty • They came to be known as The Axis Powers Building American Defenses • Years of Isolationism led to a weakened U.S. military • 18 countries had stronger militaries than the U.S. • 1 million men were drafted to serve a 1- year term Roosevelt Runs for a 3rd Term • Lend-Lease Act is signed • The President would lend/lease arms and other supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the U.S. • 1941-1945 a total of $50 Billion was spent Wolf Packs • Hitler’s U-Boats or submarines hunted in pack of 15-20 and sunk ships faster than the allies could build them Japan Attacks the United States • Japan pushes expansion southward • U.S. objects and imposes oil embargo Attack on Pearl Harbor • 18 ships sunk or badly damaged • 350 planes destroyed • 2,400 deaths • 1,178 wounded • More death and destruction than the whole of WW I suffered by the U.S. Navy World War Two • 3-days later Germany and Italy declare war on the United States • Burton Wheeler proclaims after the attack, “the only thing now to do, is to kick the hell out of them.’ U.S.S. Arizona • U.S.S. –United States Ship • Sank with 1,177 souls aboard and still lay entombed inside the ship to this very day U.S.S. Arizona U.S.S. Arizona