Download 4 War in Europe

Standard(s)
SSWH18 The student will demonstrate
an understanding of the global
political, economic, and social impact
of World War II.
a. Describe the major conflicts and
outcomes; include Pearl Harbor, ElAlamein, Stalingrad, D- Day,
Guadalcanal, the Philippines, and the
end of the war in Europe and Asia.
Essential Question
EQ: How does WWII still affect the
politics and economics of today’s
world?
First they came for the communists,
and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a communist.
Then they came for the socialists,
and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a socialist.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a Jew.
Then they came for me,
and there was no one left to speak for me.
Pastor Martin Niemoller
War in Europe
The Belligerents
• The Axis Powers:
Germany, Italy, Japan, &
other minor countries
• The Allies: UK &
Commonwealth Nations,
France, USSR,
Netherlands, Belgium,
China, later U.S. , & over
30 minor countries
In general, the war was the
result of a failure of the
League of Nations to deal
with Hitler
•Battle of Poland
– Poland defeated in 4 weeks
– Germans and Soviets split
Poland in ½
•Russo-Finnish War (Nov.
1939)
– Soviets invaded Finland
– USSR expelled from the
League of Nations
• German invasion of Denmark
& Norway (April 1940)
– Denmark defeated in one day
– Norway fell with in one month
• Winston Churchill replaced
Neville Chamberlain as Prime
Minister of Great Britain
(May)
Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat Speech
Very little action on the Western
Front between September and
April 1940 – “Sitzkrieg”
• Battle of France
– May 1940: German invasion of
Netherlands, Belgium, &
Luxembourg
– Germans invaded France through
Belgium AGAIN through a 50
mile gap in the Maginot Line
– France surrendered in 6 weeks on
June 22
France divided into 2
parts
– German-occupied
France (most of the
country
– Vichy France – SE
France, a puppet
government.
• General Charles de
Gaulle headed Free
France from London
& organized
resistance movements
Battle of Britain (Aug – Oct 1940)
– Operation Sea Lion: the
German plan to invade
Britain
– Luftwaffe began bombing of
English cities: intentional
targeting of civilians (The
Blitz)
– RAF launched attacks against
German planes
• Germans lost 2375 vs. 800
British
• British had advantage of radar
– Destruction of cities devastating, but Germans
abandoned plans of invasion
– First military defeat for the Germans: turning point
of the early war
U.S. increasingly giving
support with weapons &
planes in exchange for
bases in Britain
U.S. implements first
peacetime draft
Develops plan to fight
Germany and then
concentrate on Japan
if at war with both
Balkan & Italian Front
– Mussolini invaded Greece in Oct.
1940; Greek resistance was too
great
– Yugoslavia was resisting joining
the Axis: Germany invaded &
defeated
– Germans invaded Greece to relieve
Italians, by April 1941 Greece is
under Axis control
African Campaigns 1940-43
– Italians initially invaded to secure a source of oil for the
General
Erwin
Rommel
a
German
Axis nations
World
– Field
GermansMarshal
came to helpof
losing
ItaliansWar II.
– Popularly
Italian-Germanknown
forces under
(the Desert
asGen.
TheRommel
Desert
Fox
Fox)
for his battles in Northern Africa, he
– British-American forces under Gen. Montgomery
the
both
hiswanted
ownto focus
– earned
Rommel ran
outrespect
of supplies of
because
Hitler
on Stalingrad
troops
and the enemies he fought.
– Montgomery crushed the Italian-German troops
The Invasion of the
USSR
• Called “Operation
Barbarossa”
• A surprise invasion &
Hitler’s greatest mistake
• 3 million troops attack a 3
points (Leningrad,
Stalingrad, Moscow)
along a 2000 mile front
Initially successful, but offensive was stopped by
– Soviet “Scorched Earth”
Policy
– over-extended supply lines
– poor roads
– Russian WINTER!!
Russian Counter-Offensive (42-45)
– 17 month siege broken at Leningrad
– Entire German army of 330,000 surrendered
at Stalingrad
– Considered the turning point of the war
4 million Axis soldiers dead, 30 million Soviets
dead
The Defeat of the Axis in Europe
• Defeat of Rommel in Africa eliminated
that front
• Russian Counter-offensive knocked
Romania, Bulgaria, & Finland out of the
war
• U.S. now involved in the
war
TheBenito
Collapse
of
Italy
Mussolini an Italian politician
leader of
the National
–and
Americans
invaded
Sicily inFascist
July 43
ruling
the country
from
1922
–Party,
Mussolini
dismissed
by the
king
to
his
ousting
in
1943.
In
1926
– Italy surrendered in Sept
Mussolini seized total power as
– Germans attempted to regain Italy –
dictator
and
ruled
Italy
as
Il
Duce
failed after several major, deadly
from
1930 to 1943.
battles
– Mussolini seized & executed without a
trial by Italians in April 45
Operation Overlord &
the creation
of
a
Winston Churchill
Second Front
a
British politician who
•Stalinwas
had been
for aMinister
theasking
Prime
real western front to relieve
of theinUnited
some pressure
the east Kingdom
•Churchill
& Roosevelt
from
1940
to
1945
and
wanted to avoid casualties
again from 1951 to 1955.
Eisenhower named Supreme Commander
of the Allied Forces in Western Europe –
D. Eisenhower a general in the
Jan.Dwight
44
U.S.
Army
during
WW
II,
Supreme
D-Day – June 6, 1944
Commander of the Allied Forces in
– Invasion of Normandy, France by
Europe;
planned
and
supervised
the
American, British, Canadians
invasion of France and Germany in
– 1 million troops landed in France within 1
1944–45
from
the
Western
Front.
34th
month
President of the United States from
– Paris liberated – Aug. 24
1953 until 1961.
Battle of the Bulge
• Hitler’s
– winter
’44
Battlelastofmajor
theoffensive
Bulge
– Hitler’s
• Fought in the Ardennes Forest of Belgium & France
last major offensive. It was
• Hoped to recapture France
fought
inoff-guard,
the Ardennes
Forest.
• Allies
caught
but stopped Germans
at
Bastogne
• Germans on the retreat from this point on
Battle of Germany (1945)
– Soviets advancing from the east, US/British from
the west
– Soviets reached Berlin 1st - April 20
– April 30 – Hitler kills himself in his underground
bunker
– Berlin falls – May 2nd with the official surrender
on May 7th
– V-E Day – May 8, 1945
Activator
• What is Blitzkrieg?
• Do armies still use
Blitzkrieg?
• Is it easier or harder to use
Blitzkrieg in warfare today?
Put the following events in
Chronological Order
• ____ : Hitler annexed Austria
• ____ : Mussolini invaded Ethiopia
• ____ : German-Russian nonaggression
pact
• ____ : Germany and Italy form an alliance
• ____ : France surrenders
•
•
•
•
•
Bliztkrieg
Define Blitzkrieg.
What was the Blitzkrieg based on?
What was the effect of the civil population
What were the effects on the defenses?
What were the results?
Attack on Pearl Harbor
• The attack on Pearl Harbor occurred
on December 7, 1941 without
warning.
• The attack lasted 110 minutes, from
7:55 a.m. until 9:45 a.m.
• A total of 2,335 U.S. servicemen were
killed and 1,143 were wounded. Sixtyeight civilians were also killed and 35
were wounded.
• The Japanese lost 65 men, with an
additional soldier being captured.
• Japan and the Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Plans for a surprise attack against the United
States were begun as early as January of
1941.
• The Japanese used the codename "Operation
Hawaii" for the attack on Pearl Harbor. This
later changed to "Operation Z."
• The Japanese specifically chose to attack on
a Sunday because they believed Americans
would be more relaxed and thus less alert on
a weekend.
• The Japanese attack force stationed itself
approximately 230 miles north of the
Hawaiian island of Oahu.
• The Japanese launched their airplanes
in two waves, approximately 45 minutes
apart.
• The first wave of Japanese planes struck
Pearl Harbor at 7:55 a.m. The second
wave reached Pearl Harbor around 8:40
a.m.
• When Japanese Commander Mitsuo
Fuchida called out, "Tora! Tora! Tora!"
("Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!") upon flying over
Pearl Harbor, it was a message to the
Japanese navy that they had caught the
Americans by surprise.
• The main target of the Japanese was to
be the aircraft carriers; however, since
all three U.S. aircraft carriers were out
to sea, the Japanese focused on the
battleships.
• There were eight battleships at Pearl
Harbor that day, which included all the
battleships of the U.S. Pacific fleet
except for one (the Colorado).
• Seven of the U.S. battleships were lined
up in "Battleship Row."
• To aid their airplanes, the Japanese
sent in five midget subs to help target
the battleships. The Americans sunk
four of the midget subs and captured
the fifth.
• All eight U.S. battleships were either
sunk or damaged during the attack.
Amazingly, all but two (the Arizona and
the Oklahoma) were eventually able to
return to active duty.
• When the Japanese left Pearl Harbor
at 9:45 a.m., the Americans didn't
realize the attack was actually over.
They expected another wave to hit.
• The day following the attack on Pearl
Harbor, U.S. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt declared that December 7,
1941 would be "a date that will live in
infamy."
• The United States declared war on
Japan on December 8, 1941, the day
following the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Three Biggest Mistakes an
Attack Force Ever Made
Admiral Chester A. Nimitz
“On Sunday, December 7th, 1941,
Admiral Chester Nimitz was attending a
concert in Washington D.C. He was
paged and told there was a phone call
for him. When he answered the phone,
it was President Franklin Delano
Roosevelt on the phone. He told
Admiral Nimitz that he (Nimitz) would
now be the Commander of
the Pacific Fleet.
Admiral Nimitz flew to Hawaii to assume
command of the Pacific Fleet. He landed
at Pearl Harbor on Christmas Eve, 1941.
There was such a spirit of despair,
dejection and defeat, you would have
thought the Japanese had already won
the war. On Christmas Day, 1941, Adm.
Nimitz was given a boat tour of the
destruction wrought on Pearl Harbor by
the Japanese. Big sunken battleships
and navy vessels cluttered the waters
every where you looked.
As the tour boat returned to dock, the
young helmsman of the boat asked,
“Well Admiral, what do you think after
seeing all this destruction?” Admiral
Nimitz’s reply shocked everyone within
the sound of his voice. Admiral Nimitz
said, “The Japanese made three of the
biggest mistakes an attack force could
ever make.” Shocked and surprised,
the young helmsman asked, “What do
mean by saying the Japanese made the
three biggest mistakes an attack force
ever made?”
Nimitz explained . . . .
Mistake number one:
The Japanese attacked on Sunday
morning. Nine out of every ten crewmen
of those ships were ashore on leave. If
those same ships had been lured to sea
and been sunk–we would have lost
38,000 men instead of 3,800.
Mistake number two:
When the Japanese saw all those battleships
lined in a row, they got so carried away
sinking those battleships, they never once
bombed our dry docks opposite those ships.
If they had destroyed our dry docks, we
would have had to tow every one of those
ships to America to be repaired. As it is now,
the ships are in shallow water and can be
raised. One tug can pull them over to the dry
docks, and we can have them repaired and at
sea by the time we could have towed them
to America. And I already have crews ashore
anxious to man those ships.
Mistake number three:
Every drop of fuel in the Pacific theater
of war is in top of the ground storage
tanks five miles away over that hill.
One attack plane could have strafed
those tanks and destroyed our fuel
supply. That’s why I say the Japanese
made three of the biggest mistakes an
attack force could make or God was
looking out for America.