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The Holocaust: a great or complete devastation or destruction, especially by fire; any mass slaughter or reckless destruction of life “An abnormal reaction to an abnormal situation is normal behavior.” - a survivor 1933-1945 Historical Context of The Holocaust Judaism •Dates back nearly 4,000 years •Shares many ideas with Christianity and Islam – all originated in the Middle East. •Sacred texts of all 3 overlap. For example, the Hebrew Bible is what Christians call the Old Testament. Many of the Bible stories also appear in the Islamic sacred text, the Qur’an. 1933-1945 Who was Hitler? As a young man he had a crush on a Jewish girl, and her father forbid the relationship because he did not think Hitler was good enough for his daughter. Part of his antisemitism in this case is psychological, news of the war's end and Germany's loss came to Hitler when he was half blind in Pasewalk hospital, which would have increased the blow. Ludendorff's stab in the back theory (the belief that the Jews were responsible for the end of the war) had a big impact on Hitler (what soldier wouldn't be influenced by his top commander?) The Jewish involvement in the communist uprisings and the later hated Weimar Republic would have cemented this in Hitler's mind. And for a guy who was pretty much a homeless failure before the war, a hero during it, and probably would return to the homeless failure afterwards unless he did something, Hitler would have been looking for someone to blame. Germany was in an economic depression (enormous debt following WWI – had been forced to borrow to pay reparations to the victorious European powers, as demanded by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Existing prejudices and blame were already held by some people aimed toward Jews, some of whom held wealth through banking and ownership of property. The Role of Propaganda Salarino: Why, I am sure, if he forfeit, thou wilt not take his flesh? What’s that good for? Shylock: To bait fish withal; if it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies; and what’s his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me I will execute; and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction. • • • • • • Why did the Nazis Come to Power in Germany? Nazis Come to Power Hitler’s charisma and leadership seduced the massesin Germany was resentful about the Treaty of Germany? Versailles(signed at end of WW1, in 1919, and ended state of war between Allied Powers and Germany) and its perceived attempt at emasculating the German people. Nazism was the logical outgrowth of a history of authoritarianism and militarism in Germany. Nazis represented the anti-democratic values in German history 2000 year old tradition of anti-semitism Germany’s declining economy, inflation and depression Revolt against the Englightenment Movement of the 19th Century – individualism, mass rule, mankind can change its own nature. NazisNazis Advocated: •Community •Unity •The Fuhrer •Order/discipline – opposed to Democracy •Aryan race •Physical labor •War •Patriotism/Nationalism •Social Darwinism •Force/violence •Eugenics - Improving genetic composition of a group of people Nazis opposed: • • • • • • Democracy Individual freedom Jews Internationalism Birth control Integration of races Spreading Nazism • Complete control of the mass media • Frequent fanatical speeches spreading Nazism and Antisemitism • Standard symbols, like swastika, Nazi flag, uniforms, armbands • Nazi slogans on banners/posters • Organization of the Hitler Youth • Well organized spy system to identify enemies of the Party 1933-1945 Karl Lueger (1844-1907) Mayor of Vienna “If Dr. Karl Lueger had lived in Germany, he would have been ranked among the great minds of our people.” -Adolf Hitler in Mein Kampf Beer Hall Putsch 1933-1945 Also known as the Munich Putsch - a failed attempt at revolution that occurred between the evening of 8 November and the early afternoon of 9 November 1923, when Nazi Party leader Hitler, Ludendorff, and other heads of the Kampfbund (a league of patriotic fighting societies) unsuccessfully tried to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany in Nov. 9, 1923 Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF • “Mein Kampf” means “My Struggle;” Hitler wrote it while in prison in the 1920’s • Still banned in most European countries • Given to every newly married German couple from the late 1930’s onward Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF • “The relation of the Jews to prostitution and, even more, to the white-slave traffic, could be studied in Vienna…When thus for the first time I recognized the Jew as the cold-hearted, shameless, and calculating director of this revolting vice traffic in the scum of the big city, a cold shudder ran down my back.” (p. 59) • “Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.” (p. 65) Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF “On this first and greatest lie, that the Jews are not a race, but a religion, more and more lies are based in necessary consequence.” (p. 307) Elections • Hindenburg 49.6 percent Hitler 30.1 percent Hindenburg 49.6 percent Hitler 30.1 percent Thaelmann 13.2 percent Duesterberg 6.8 percen 1933-1945 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor 1933-1945 1933-1945 1933-1945 May 10, 1934 Book Burnings 1933-1945 Night of the Long Knives June 30-July 2, 1934 3 nights of political murders "If anyone reproaches me and asks why I did not resort to the regular courts of justice, then all I can say is this: In this hour I was responsible for the fate of the German people, and thereby I became the supreme judge of the German people." "It was no secret that this time the revolution would have to be bloody; when we spoke of it we called it 'The Night of the Long Knives.' Everyone must know for all future time that if he raises his hand to strike the State, then certain death is his lot." 1933-1945 March 1933 Dachau Concentration Camp (Da kau) 1933-1945 Sept. 10, 1935 Nuremberg Laws The as "German Way to Define Who was a Jew 4 German granparents – Kindred Blood Descended from 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents – Jewish Descended from 1 or 2 Jewish grandparents – Mixed blood Mixed blood who were Christians – retained their German citizenship Banned sexual intercourse between a German and Jew Banned involvement in German civic life Prohibited marriage between a German and Jew Deprived Jews of German citizenship Boycott of Jewish businesses Barred from employment, from use of state hospitals, parks, libraries, beaches, schools (past age of 14) War Memorials were to have Jewish names expunged Passports were stamped with a “J,” as Jews could leave Germany, but not return. Jews who didn’t have a Jewish first name had to adopt a Jewish middle name: Sara for women/Israel for men between people defined as "Jews" and non-Jewish Germans and prevented "Jews" from participating in German civic life. July 1933-1938 1945 Evian Conference Jews met with Britain and U.S. to discuss the situation in Germany, only to leave disheartened as neither country was willing to take in Jews. 1933-1945 October 1938 Deportations Begin 1933-1945 November 7, 1938 Assassination of Ernst Vom Rath Triggered Kristallnacht 'Being a Jew is not a crime. I am not a dog. I have a right to live and the Jewish people have a right to exist on this earth. Wherever I have been I have been chased like an animal.'9 --Herchel Grynszpan 1933-1945 November 9, 1938 Kristallnacht 1933-1945 May 1939 S.S. St. Louis 1933-1945 Sept. 1, 1939 WWII Begins Heinrich Himmler on Polish Education Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF • “The sole goal of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic, nothing above the number 500; writing one’s name; and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans…I do not think that reading is desirable.” • --May 1940 1933-1945 1940 Euthanasia Program Adolf Hitler's authorization for the Euthanasia Program (Operation T4), signed in October 1939 but dated September 1, 1939. __________ National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md. This photo originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It shows two doctors in a ward in an unidentified asylum. The existence of the patients in the ward is described as "life only as a burden." Such propaganda images were intended to develop public sympathy for the Euthanasia Program. __________ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Slide taken from a Nazi propaganda filmstrip, promoting "euthanasia," prepared for the Hitler Youth. The caption says: "Mentally ill Negro (English) 16 years in an institution costing 35,000 RM [Reichsmarks]." __________ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum German Education: Math Problems Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF “The construction of a lunatic asylum costs 6 million marks. How many houses at 15,000 marks each could have been built for that amount?” Buses used to transport patients to Hadamar euthanasia center. The windows were painted to prevent people from seeing those inside. Germany, between May and September 1941. __________ Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden 1933-1945 Summer 1941 Killing Squads “Einsatzgruppen” PPogroms: Organized massacre of helpless people 1933-1945 December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor 1933-20, 1945 January 1942 Wannsee Conference Final Solution to the Jewish question Reinhard Heydrich, chief of SD (Security) Service 1933-1945 Summer 1942 Deportations to camps begin 1933-1945 1942-1945 Camp Life… and Death 1933-1945 April-October 1943 Rebellion Treblinka under attack Train tracks leading into Sobibor Warsaw ghetto uprising White Rose Movement: Most famous youth resistance movement Students from Munich University secretly passed out anti-Nazi leaflets – were eventually caught and beheaded. 1933-1945 Death Marches 1933-1945 1945: Liberation 1933-1945 October 18, 1945October 1, 1946 Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg Trial Convictions Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF Guilty: 12- sentenced to death; 3- life imprisonment; four- 10-20 years in prison Innocent: 3 were acquitted 1933-1945 November 13December 14, 1945 Dachau Trials Dachau Trial Convictions Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF Guilty: 40 Nazi war criminals found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging Innocent: none 1933-1945 Israel: A New State Number of Jews Murdered: Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF 5, 900, 000 Number of Gypsies Murdered: Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF 220, 000 Number of Handicapped Murdered: Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF 200,000 Number of Polish People Murdered: Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF 1,900,000 Number of Soviet Prisoners of War Murdered: Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF 3, 300, 000 Number of Homosexuals Murdered: Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF 15,000 (estimate only) Number of Jehovah’s Witnesses Murdered: Hitler’s MEIN KAMPF 1,800 1933-1945 “Only guard yourself and guard your soul carefully, lest you forget the things your eyes saw, and lest these things depart your heart all the days of your life, and you shall make them known to your children, and to your children’s children.” Deuteronomy 4:9 eElie Weisel’s Night •Setting: Sighet – Northwestern Romania (located in Southeastern Europe) Home to 15,000 Jews Hasidic Jews (a branch of Orthodox Judaism) LLife in Sighet •Poor people whose lives focused on family, religion, and learning •Young Weisel spent evenings and weekends studying sacred texts, such as the Torah and Talmud •At age 12, Weisel began to explore Cabbala or Jewish mysticism – an approach to Bible study that analyzes hidden meanings in the text.