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Road to War and WWII Should the United States get involved in foreign affairs/policies? Notes #1 • Identify the major characteristics of WWII (US2A) • Identify reasons for US involvements in WWII (US7A) Legacies of WWI WWI had left Russia under Communist rule, Germany bitter with the Treaty of Versailles and Europe as a whole in economic ruin. Following WWI Germany was in financial collapse and by 1934 no one was repaying their debts to the US. Many Americans saw WWI as a failure and were reluctant to get involved in another War. Dictatorships sprang up to power in key countries such as Germany, Russia, and Italy. A dictator is a ruler who wields absolute authority and controls the government. Mussolini in Italy Financial instability caused Communist and Fascist to battle for political power in Italy. Benito Mussolini led the Fascist Party which believed that a military-dominated government should control all parts of society In 1922 Mussolini became Prime minister and quickly limited freedom of speech, restricted voting rights and arrested his opponents. Mussolini vowed to make Italy an imperial power such as it was in the days of the Roman Empire and invaded Ethiopia in 1935. Joseph Stalin in Russia In 1924 Vladimir Lenin died and Joseph Stalin emerged as the nation’s leader. Stalin moved to turn the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state where the government has complete control of all parts of society. Stalin used the Red Army to crush any opposition sending protesters to labor camps Some historians estimate that as many as 30 million people died as a result of Stalin (most were his own Russian people). Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler was a German soldier in WWI and blamed the German defeat on Politicians Hitler was jailed in 1923 for attempting to overthrow the German government. In 1932, Hitler’s Nazi party won 40% of votes in a national election and Hitler was soon elected chancellor of Germany. Hitler called his government the Third Reich and claimed dictatorial power of Germany German expansionism into Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland brings Europe into WWII Policies and Ideals of Hitler While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (my struggle) which outlined his plan to restore German power and blamed Jews for German problems Once in power Hitler prohibited non-Nazis from holding government positions, outlawed strikes and made military service mandatory. Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles and began to rearm Germany. Hitler’s anti-Semitism or hatred of Jews became official government policy. Hideki Tojo in Japan After WWI Japan became less aggressive, helped form the League of Nations and signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact In the 1930s, the worldwide depression caused Japan to move toward a policy of militarism In 1941, General Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister, continuing to develop the military and prepare the nation for war Japan begins a campaign of expansionism into Manchuria and China Axis powers become aggressive In 1936 Germany and Italy formed a military alliance known as the axis powers. As Hitler began to rearm and expand his empire, European leaders at first gave in to his violations of the Treaty of Versailles to avoid a larger conflict aka Appeasement. British Prime minister Winston Churchill began to rearm fearing that Hitler would continue to seize additional territory. The US began a policy of neutrality. – After Hitler invades Poland, FDR responds: “I hate war. This nation will remain a neutral nation” Notes #2: WWII Begins In 1938 Hitler united Germany and Austria and invaded part of Czechoslovakia In 1939 Hitler and Russian dictator Joseph Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact agreeing to peace and to attack and divide Poland. On September 1, 1939 Nazi forces stormed Poland; German planes, tanks and troop transports easily defeated the Poles (aka Blitzkrieg). Russia attacked Poland from the east and within a month Poland ceased to exist. FDR’s Re-election & War Trade The Democratic Party broke Presidential tradition in 1940 and nominated FDR for a third term as President. – (a later Constitutional change in 1951, the 22nd Amendment would restrict Presidents to serving just 2 terms) During his campaign Roosevelt held to the popular idea that the US should remain neutral in WWII and FDR was reelected as President winning 38 States. – Neutrality Act (1939) In 1941 the US passed the Lend Lease Act which allowed some 50 billion dollars of war materials to be sold to the Allied powers without an immediate cash payment. – “You don’t ask your neighbor to pay for your hose when his house is on fire.” When Germany attacks its ally – the Soviet Union – in June 1941, we also give lend-lease to them, they become our allies Allied Powers • Great Britain • France • Soviet Union • United States Axis Powers • Germany • Italy • Japan Axis Powers dominate early In June 1940, Germany attacked France from the North, while Italy attacked from the South The French were forced to sign surrender in the same railroad car that Germany had surrendered to France in 1918. By 1941 Axis powers controlled most of Western Europe In the spring and summer of 1941 German bombers attacked England daily, but the British people kept up their morale. Pearl Harbor As war broke out in 1940, Japan took the opportunity to seize lands in Indonesia and southeast Asia; to try to stop Japanese aggression the U.S. banned the sale of war materials to Japan. By 1941, American pilots (serving as private military contractors) nicknamed the Flying Tigers joined the Chinese Air force to defend China from the Japanese. Japanese aircraft launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941. US forces lost 19 ships, 188 aircraft and nearly 2,400 soldiers; 65 Japanese servicemen were killed. December 8th, 1941 America officially declared war on Japan and on December 11th the US declared war on Germany and Italy. Attack on Pearl Harbor Yamamoto Celebrated Japanese Admiral, oversaw the attack on Pearl Harbor George Marshall Chief of Staff that coordinated the war effort from Washington D.C. The numbers of military enlistment rose dramatically after the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States formally entered the war Executive Order 9066 Because of distrust of Japanese and general paranoia after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which authorized the military to remove Japanese – Americans from America’s West Coast and into internment camps Notes # 3 Journal Entry #2 What were the main causes of World War II? What should have been done to avoid World War II? Russia and the US join the Allies In the fall of 1941 Germany violated their pact and invaded Russia with 3 million soldiers. (Nicknamed operation Barbarossa) Stalin was now forced to join the Allied powers to defend against Germany With America also entering the war, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin became known as the big three and they met to discuss war strategy. The allied forces agreed to focus efforts on Europe before the Pacific. State of the War as US enters Germany and Japan had firm control of the areas they had already conquered and the axis countries were better prepared for war. Axis forces were very spread out, having troops fighting the French in the West, Russians in the East and the US in the Pacific The two most important elements needed for an allied victory would be the support of the Russian army and the manufacturing capabilities of the United States. Preparing America for War After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, America quickly mobilized for War; businesses increased production and unions did not strike By 1943 nearly 400,000 workers were producing ammunition, cannons and rifles Car production was suspended and factories produced planes, tanks, jeeps and guns. Unemployment dropped from 14.6% to 1.2% and the Great Depression was over. Home Front Contributions • • • • • As the country prepared for war the federal government grew to direct the economy The War Production Board regulated what and how much factories would produce. The Selective Training and Service Act required all men ages 21 to 30 to register for the draft and nearly 10 million would be drafted More than 300,000 women volunteered to serve as nurses and drive vehicles in the War. Eleanor Roosevelt worked tirelessly in support of home front efforts including comforting wounded soldiers and their families. Bataan Death March • In 1942, Japan takes over the Philippine Islands. • General Douglas MacArthur was appointed commander of US forces in the far East. • He was ordered to leave the Philippines with his family and a select others, leaving behind 70,000 military men. • The Death March was the forcible transfer of 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war; infamous for extremely high fatalities due to physical abuse and murder • Douglas MacArthur would eventually “return” American forces in the liberation of the Philippines from Japanese control in 1944. D-DAY General Dwight Eisenhower was the commander of Allied forced in Europe for the D-Day invasion On June 6, 1944, a date known ever since as D-Day, a mighty armada crossed a narrow strip of sea from England to Normandy, France, and cracked the Nazi grip on western Europe. The D-Day operation of June 6, 1944 brought together the land, air and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest invasion force in human history. The operation, given the codename OVERLORD, delivered five naval assault divisions to the beaches of Normandy, France. Battle of the Bulge In late 1944, in the wake of the allied forces' successful D-Day invasion of Normandy, France, it seemed as if the Second World War was all but over. But on December 16, with the onset of winter, the German army launched a counteroffensive that was intended to cut through the Allied forces in a manner that would turn the tide of the war in Hitler's favor. The battle that ensued is known historically as The Battle of the Bulge. The “bloodiest” and “costliest” action ever taken by the Army War in the Pacific The U.S. was at war with Japan, Germany, and Italy. The war in Europe was predominately fought on land both in Europe and Northern Africa and the war in the Pacific was fought both at sea and on land. The US military advancement through the Pacific Islands became known as “Island Hopping”. The goal was to win back control of islands throughout the Pacific and attain a position close enough to mainland Japan to conduct an attack. Japan continued a series of victories in the Pacific after Pearl Harbor. American forces were often under supplied and lacked experience fighting in the Pacific Significant Pacific Battles The Battle of Midway is one of the most significant battles in the Pacific. It is considered the turning point of the war against the Japanese in the Pacific. After the battle, Japan’s shipbuilding and pilot training programs were unable to keep pace in replacing their losses, while the US was able to steadily increase output in both areas. Next, the Americans launched a major offensive on Guadalcanal and after months of fierce fighting defeated Japanese forces. Notes # 4 Promoting the War in the US The US Office of War Information was created to coordinate and closely managed news and details about the war to the public. Movie stars advertised war bonds and traveled to entertain the troops; radio stations broadcast war news and promoted patriotism and volunteerism American citizens cut back on consumption of luxuries and necessities, and worked long hours to produce needed war materials The Manhattan Project (1942-46) was the highly top secret joint US and British program that spent 2 billion dollars to create a powerful new weapon that used atomic energy to annihilate a target city. Minority Contributions and Discrimination American women were encouraged to work in wartime industries and Rosie the Riveter became the symbol for Patriotic female workers. The first black flying squadron, the Tuskegee Airmen served as bomber escorts in Italy and North Africa. 200 Navajo Code Talkers were recruited by the Marines to serve in the Pacific Theater because their language was undecipherable to the enemy; their 800 coded messages sent at Iwo Jima were essential to the US victory. Executive Order 9066 relocated Japanese Americans onto internment camps in Wyoming and Utah because of perceived distrust of Japanese Americans. Beginning in 1990 surviving internees received cash payments and a letter of apology from the US government. Wartime life for Minorities African American servicemen were segregated in the military. A Phillip Randolph – a leader of a black union – Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters – called for “victory abroad against fascism and victory at home against racism” He even threatened FDR with a march on Washington if he didn’t desegregate the military, but FDR issued an executive order stating that there would be no discrimination in defense or government Tuskegee Airman • The Tuskegee Airman were an elite group of African-American pilots in the 1940s. • They were pioneers in equality and integration of the Armed Forces. The term "Tuskegee Airmen" refers to all who were involved in the Army Air Corps program to train African Americans to fly and maintain combat aircraft. • The Tuskegee Airmen included pilots, navigators, bombardiers, maintenance and support staff, instructors, and all the personnel who kept the planes in the air. Navajo Code Talkers • Navaho "Code Talkers" were able to come up with a code that Japan was unable to break; however Native Americans were ineligible for GI benefits after the war The “Flying Tigers” • The Flying Tigers were officially called the American Volunteer Group, and were known for their planes with iconic shark faces on them. They were equipped and recruited in the spring and summer of 1941, with the express purposed of aiding the Chinese in theater against the Japanese. The Holocaust Hitler saw Slavs, Gypsies, and particularly Jews as inferior races and devised a plan for a “final solution” to the Jewish problem. The young, old and sick were targeted for immediate killing in gas chambers. By 1945, Nazi’s had massacred some six million Jews and nearly as many other “undesirable” people were also killed. As American soldiers entered the camps they were horrified and General Eisenhower insisted the camps be photographed. The Manhattan Project 1939 In 1939, Albert Einstein sent a letter to FDR about starting a research team regarding nuclear (atomic) weapons 1942 In 1942 Enrico Fermi, a physicist, successfully controlled a nuclear reaction in his reactor called CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1). CP-1 was located at the University of Chicago. 1945 Later in the project the first atomic bomb was exploded at Los Alamos. This was on July 6, 1945. Harry Truman becomes president after FDR’s death Axis Defeated After taking Paris, Allied powers pushed on toward Germany; Hitler’s army made a final stand at the Battle of the Bulge. In Italy Mussolini was captured and executed by guerrilla soldiers. Hitler committed suicide in his bunker and on May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered. Japan refused to surrender, on August 6 America dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, on August 9th another atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, finally on August 10 Japan surrendered. War Notables Omar Bradley and George Patton led American forces first in Northern Africa. Bradley would later lead American forces onto the Beaches of Normandy on D-Day. Chester W. Nimitz commanded the US Navy in the Pacific and formally accepted surrender of the Japanese in 1945. Bernard Montgomery – British military commander who drove the Germans out of North Africa and fought in Europe Erwin Rommel – celebrated German General; nicknamed the “Desert Fox” due to his victories in North Africa Vernon Baker – he fought in Italy, earned a Purple Heart, a Bronze Star, and the distinguished Service Cross. Audie Murphy – a Texas, the most decorated American soldier of WWII and a celebrated movie star post WWII Effects of WWII In terms of deaths the US loss of soldiers was relatively light, Russia lost nearly 30 million people while the US less than 200,000. In economic terms the War cost over 1 trillion dollars worldwide but from an American viewpoint WWII help end the depression. To Europe WWII was the most devastating war ever, hundreds of cities were ruined; millions lacked heat, electricity or running water; and some 50 million people died. Effects of WWII Harry Truman proposed his “Fair Deal” which included the development of natural resources, full-employment and fair-employment-practices bills, federal control of the unemployment compensation program, and a large housing program While attending the Potsdam conference at the end of WWII, Truman became suspicious of the Soviet intentions under Stalin The development of conventional weapons developed including the Higgins boat, tanks, bombers, torpedoes, improved submarines, the M1rifle The development of atomic weapon changed the landscape of war by allowing massive enemy casualties without the need for large numbers of soldiers on the ground. The threat of deployment became a powerful component to modern warfare Nuremberg Trials: “Crimes against Peace”, “War Crimes”, “Crimes Against Humanity”, “Conspiracy to Commit Crimes” Forest through the woods… Should the United Stated get involved in foreign policies and affairs? President Roosevelt knew about the Holocaust in 1942, still only 21,000 Jews were allowed to immigrate to the U.S. Monsters? Or Humans? Stanley Milgram Study (1961) Stanford Prison Study (1971)