Download Japan and World War II

US and Planning for War
2 Factions in the
United States…
1)The isolationists (those
wanting to avoid war)
2)The internationalists or
interventionists
(America must get
involved in the war
against fascist
aggression)
Before we get to them, let’s
see what was happening?
REVIEW OF ARTICLE – MAIN CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II
Treaty of Versailles and Punishment of Germany
Rise of Adolf Hitler (appeal to the masses)
Hitler reclaiming land lost
-Austria
-Sudetenland region in Czechoslovakia
Chamberlain and Policy of Appeasement – Will Hitler stop his aggression?
-Munich Agreement
Hitler turns to Poland…
-Made a pact with Soviet Union (Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact)
-Operation Himmler – stage a Polish attack on German Radio Station –
gave them an excuse to invade
-Blitzkrieg (Lightening war) – sudden immense attack
Hitler turns to France…
Failure of League of Nations (set up 1919)
-Conquered in 6 weeks
GOAL – help keep world safe
Hitler turns to Britain….
-Air Raid Attacks
BUT Not all countries joined
League had no power
League had no army
Unable to act quickly – only met 4 x’s a year
NO
Let’s first look towards the Atlantic
In September 1939– FDR calls special
session of Congress
• Why?  New Policy of “cash-and-carry”
military supplies from U.S.
- Permit nations to buy arms as long as they
paid CASH and CARRIED the goods home in
their own ships
Providing arms would help France and Britain
defeat Hitler
**– best way to keep America out of war
Question you may ask…
Why is this a big deal?
• Well… In the 1930s, the United States
Government enacted a series of laws
designed to prevent the United States from
being embroiled in a foreign war by clearly
stating the terms of U.S. neutrality
– KNOWN AS Neutrality Acts –OUTLAWED
ARMS SALES OR LOANS TO NATIONS AT
WAR
Isolationists argued the opposite
“I do not believe that we can become an
arsenal for one belligerent without becoming
a target for another”
~ US Senator Vandenberg
Debated for 6 weeks…
• Congress passed law and Cash-and-Carry
went into effect
HOWEVER….over the next few months, it
began to look like too little, too late.
From your article…
• Summer 1940
– France had fallen
– Britain under siege from German air attacks
• September 1940
– Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a mutual
defense treaty (Axis Powers)
• Each nation agreed to go to the defense of the
others in case of attack
• MEANING – If US were to declare war on any one
of the Axis Powers it would face a military
nightmare 1 two-ocean war (Atlantic and Pacific)
1940…
• Britain had run out of money to “cashand-carry” military supplies from U.S. so
President asked Congress for “lendlease” of arms and other supplies
• President would lend or lease arms and
other supplies to “any country whose
defense was VITAL to the United States.”
• 1941 – Congress passed it
At this time of lend-lease…
• Hitler, who had made a treaty with Stalin NOT
TO INVADE ignored it and INVADED the
Soviet Union with 3 million troops
(Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact you read about)
• Roosevelt began sending lend-lease supplies
to the Soviet Union (HOWEVER SOME
AMERICANS OPPOSED THIS)
– Argued Hitler doing U.S. a FAVOR by attacking
the communists
– BUT Roosevelt agreed with Churchill (Prime
Minster of Britain) – “If Hitler invaded hell, the
British would be prepared to work with the devil
himself”
For lend-lease to be successful, supply lines
across the Atlantic had to be kept open
• To prevent delivery of shipments,
Hitler deployed hundred of German
U-Boats (subs) in the North Atlantic
• Wolf Packs (15-20 subs in group)
searched shipping lanes for cargo
ships
• Successful – sunk 1.2 million TONS
of British shipping goods
• So…Roosevelt ordered U.S. Navy
to protect shipments (attack out of selfdefense)
On Sept 4 – U-Boat Attack
• A German U-Boat fired 2 torpedoes at the U.S.
destroyer Greer
• Roosevelt announced – U.S. Navy..
FIRE ON GERMAN SHIPS ON SIGHT
“When you see a rattlesnake poised to
strike, you do not wait until he had struck
before you crush him…Nazi subs…are the
rattlesnakes of the Atlantic” ~FDR
2 weeks later…
• The Pink Star, an American merchant ship,
was sunk off of Greenland
– Cargo – machine tools, evaporated milk, cheddar
cheese (feed more than 3.5 million for a week)
Mid-October – U.S. destroyer Kearny was torpedoed
near Iceland
- 11 men died
“America has been attacked…the shooting
has started…and history has recorded who
fired the first shot.” ~ FDR
Few days after that…
• German U-Boats sank the U.S. destroyer
Reuben James
*Let’s Listen… (Guthrie 1942)
– Killed 100 sailors
Congress now allowed the arming of MERCHANT
SHIPS…however Roosevelt knew something
more persuasive would have to occur before
Congress would declare war…
So what about the 2 sides….
Let’s look at the two arguments
• Isolationist
Those wanting to avoid war
• Interventionist
Those who believed America must get
involved in the war against fascist aggression
Let’s look at The Pacific Ocean.
In Japan, expansionists had
long dreamed of creating a vast
colonial empire
Again…Failure of League of Nations
• In 1931, Japan was hit badly by the
depression.
– People lost faith in the government
– Turned to the army to find a solution
First, the Japanese
army invaded
Manchuria in
China,
an
area
rich
.
in minerals and
resources
Again…Failure of League of Nations
• China appealed to the League for help
• Response The Japanese government
were told to order the army to leave
Manchuria immediately.
– However, the army took no notice of the
government and continued its conquest of
Manchuria.
Again…Failure of League of Nations
The League then called for
countries to stop trading with
Japan but because of the
depression many countries did not
want to risk losing trade and did
not agree to the request.
The League then made a further
call for Japan to withdraw from
Manchuria but Japan's response
was to leave the League of
Nations.
Connecting Japan to Germany
Remember from the reading…in 1936
The Japanese had signed a pact with Nazi
Germany because Germany looks like
becoming the preeminent power in the West
Japanese occupation of China.
• By 1938 there were 1 million Japanese troops in
China.
– By 1941 … 2 million troops
• HOWEVER NOT ENOUGH - Japan could occupy
only key areas and cities
• Out of fear and retaliation against Chinese they
adopted The ‘Three All Campaign’
(‘Kill all, burn all, destroy all’)
General Okamura
implemented the policy
in Northern China
*BUT
this brought the Japanese into conflict with other
colonial powers (France, Britain, Netherlands)
However by 1941, France and Netherlands had fallen
to Germany – Britain was too busy fighting Hitler to
block Japan - so the only one in the way…
UNITED STATES!
The Japanese army rapidly advanced
through China, Indo-China, Malaya,
and Indonesia.
Began taking over French
military bases in Indochina
(Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)
- Some Asian people
welcome them as
liberators from western
Imperialists
HOWEVER…soon they
were generally feared as
new imperialists, not as
Asian liberators
• They treated nonJapanese peoples with
ruthlessness, cruelty and
severity.
On Feb. 5, 1938, A Chinese woman surveys the remains of her family, all of whom
met death by the Japanese during Japanese occupation of Nanking,China
Japanese soldiers execute captured Chinese soldiers with bayonets in a trench
as other Japanese soldiers watch from rim
Take a look at the Imperial Japanese
expansion up to 1941
(in brown)
Japanese Soldiers…
• Highly skilled in
attack, defense,
and jungle
warfare.
• Highly motivated
to defend their
Emperor and their
land to the death.
U.S. disliked the
Japanese move of
expansion and
invasion…
So they cut off trade with Japan
The embargoed (def: prohibited) goods
included one thing that Japan couldn’t live
without… OIL
Japanese military leaders
warned without oil –
Japan could be defeated
 Either negotiate with US or look to seize
oil fields in Dutch East Indies
In October, the Japanese General Hideki
Tojo became Prime Minister of Japan
When he met with the Japanese Emperor Hirohito,
Tojo PROMISED the government would try one
more time to make peace with U.S.
*If peace talk failed – war would be the only option
**He also knew that because
America is bigger and more
powerful than Japan a
surprise assault is the only
realistic way to defeat her…
And so…
• On the same day as a special “peace”
envoy was flying to the United States, Tojo
ordered the Japanese Navy to prepare for
an attack on the U.S.
December 7th 1941-the
‘day of infamy’
Infamy  strong condemnation as the result of a shameful, criminal, or
outrageous act
HOMEWORK
The Political Dr. Seuss
Complete Table and answer
questions below
Due Wednesday
Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)
Why here? The major fleet base of the US navy in the Pacific. It was home
to all the major US warships in the Pacific. Destruction of these ships would
take out all the resistance to Japanese expansion to the East and South.
Map of Hawaii showing the Japanese bombing routes to Pearl
Harbour, Oahu island, Hawaii. The plan was simple: destroy the
US air force on the ground and then destroy all the defenceless
US ships in the harbour. To ensure surprise- attack on a Sunday.
Pearl
Harbour